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Se diferencia por su tamaño corporal relativamente mayor, el pelaje más delgado y áspero, las nasales más cortas, las orbitales más grandes, el postorbital situado posteriormente, las garras más gruesas y las plantas menos granuladas (Ellerman 1940). \n\nEl cuerpo de la paca es pesado y robusto (Trujillo et al. 2005), los ojos son protuberantes y las orejas de tamaño mediano (Coates-Estrada y Estrada 1986). La longitud cabeza-cuerpo promedio varía entre 600 a 795 mm. La fórmula dental es I 1/1 C 0/0 P 1/1 M 3/3 X 2 = 20. El macho adulto es más grande que la hembra. El arco cigomático es masivo y distintivamente esculpido (Eisenber 1989). Las extremidades son fuertes, cortas y adaptadas a la marcha, las patas delanteras son más cortas que las traseras, las cuales son notablemente musculosas. Las extremidades están provistas de cinco dedos, de los cuales el pulgar es rudimentario y representado solo por una uña. Su color varía desde café, rojizo-café oscuro a gris humo con un diseño de listas con puntos irregulares blancos o amarillos en los flancos. La cabeza es cuadrada con labios carnosos y ojos grandes. La cola es corta casi vestigial y desnuda, a menudo apenas visible (Trujillo et al. 2005).","ancillaryData":[{"mediaURL":[],"agent":[],"reference":[{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Ellerman, J. 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Alouatta palliata ya no cuenta con sinonimias, ya que A. villosa y A.pigra son consideradas ahora especies separadas (Defler, 2010). El cuerpo es de color negro a excepción de un fleco que corre lateralmente desde el brazo hasta la ingle de color pálido, amarillo o café pálido. Garganta prominente, rostro desnudo y de color negro. El mentón con barba hacia adelante. Escroto de los machos adultos de color blanco. Cola prensil. Medidas: LCC=405-555, LC=585-710, P=124-154, O=25- 39, peso=4,8-7,7 kg. Machos más grandes que las hembras (Morales-Jiménez et al. 2004).","ancillaryData":[{"mediaURL":[],"agent":[],"reference":[{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Defler, T R"],"editors":[],"keywords":[""],"year":"2010-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","profile_id":"","group_id":"","abstract":"","tags":"","type":"book","source":"","title":"Historia Natural de los Primates Colombianos","issue":"","series":"","chapter":"","websites":"","accessed":"","publisher":"","address":"","institution":"","link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232631865","_id":"63b45a600e8cf96b42f5df99","last_modified":null,"created":null},{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Morales-Jiménez, A. 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Cabeza, hombros, extremidades y cola de color rojo oscuro a rojo púrpura. Garganta prominente, rostro desnudo de color negro. El mentón con barba hacia adelante. Cola prensil. Medidas: LCC=439-690 mm, LC=540-790 mm, P=128-162, O=30-48 mm, peso=3,6-11,1 kg. Machos más grandes que las hembras (Morales-Jiménez et al. 2004). Estos primates tienen un aparato bucal bastante desarrollado, debido al engrosamiento de su mandíbula inferior y a la presencia de un aparato hioides extremadamente desarrollado,  característico de este género y que funciona como una caja de resonancia, con la cual producen estridentes vocalizaciones que recorren grandes distancias y mediante las cuales se comunican.\n\nEl primer espécimen fue recolectado por Jacquin en Cartagena (Colombia). Anteriormente se encontraba dentro de la subfamilia Alouattinae y en la familia Cebidae; sin embargo, producto de investigaciones biomoleculares, se ha revelado un parentesco del género Alouatta con Ateles, Bracyteles y Lagothrix. Debido a esto se incluyen las nueve especies del género Alouatta en la subfamilia Atelidae (Fleagle, 1988; Ford, 1986).","ancillaryData":[{"mediaURL":[],"agent":[],"reference":[{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Morales-Jiménez, A. 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Tienen la cabeza corta; la hoja nasal corta y ancha; las orejas anchas y triangulares; el trago es corto y amplio, con la margen posterior recortada y con numerosas aserraciones (Muñoz 2001).\n\nEl cráneo es corto, ancho y robusto; el abombamiento de la caja craneal varía de acuerdo con las subespecies; la cresta sagital se halla moderadamente desarrollada; el rostro es corto, bajo y ancho; no tiene fosa basioccipital. Generalmente faltan los procesos preorbitales y postorbitales, pero en caso de existir, convergen bruscamente en la parte posterior. La constricción postorbitaria está situada sobre el borde posterior de la parte dura del palatino, tirada bien hacia abajo. La margen anterior de la fosa mesopterigoidea usualmente es en forma de U o V. La lámina posterior del palatino se encuentra separada por un abultamiento a partir de los procesos postorbitales. El escudete rostral es moderadamente reducido en la parte posterior; la relación de la longitud mayor del cráneo contra anchura zigomática es menor de 1.66. El borde inferior de la hoja nasal se continúa con el labio superior (Villa-R. 1966).\n\nEl pelaje dorsal es largo y lanoso. La raíz de cada pelo es ante cremoso, luego sigue una banda oscura y por último la punta cuyo color varía de plata a oscuro. No obstante, se presenta una amplia gama de coloraciones; la línea media facial es variable y la lateral pobremente desarrollada. La hoja nasal, labios, orejas y trago son de color café oscuro (Muñoz 2001).\nLa membrana interfemoral es ancha y semidesnuda; la longitud del calcar alcanza casi la mitad del pie, el pollex es grueso y la mitad proximal del antebrazo es peluda (Muñoz 2001). El tercer molar inferior existe casi siempre, el superior sólo algunas veces (Koopman 1994). Los incisivos centrales superiores son acorazonados y más grandes que los laterales (Muñoz 2001).\n\nFD: 2/2 1/1 2/2 2-3/3; 2n: 30-31; FN 56","ancillaryData":[{"mediaURL":[],"agent":[],"reference":[{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Koopman, K. F."],"editors":["Niethammer, J.","Schliemann, H.","Starck, D."],"keywords":["Artibeus jamaicensis"],"year":"1994-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","institution":"","publisher":"Walter de Gruyter","websites":"","chapter":"","series":"","pages":"1--217","issue":"","title":"Chiroptera: Systematics","source":"Handbook of Zoology. 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Tienen la cabeza ancha y corta; la hoja nasal es pequeña en forma de punta de lanza y con la base redondeada; las orejas son medianas y redondeadas; el trago es alargado y la parte externa o posterior posee salientes; el labio inferior posee verrugas. Estos murciélagos tienen cuatro bandas blancas en la cara, muy notorias (Muñoz 2001).\n\nEl cráneo es macizo y alargado; el escudete frontal angosto con bordes laterales cerrándose de adelante hacia atrás; la constricción postorbital es más angosta hacia adelante; la cresta sagital no es muy alta al principio, pero es mayor hacia atrás. Proceso periorbital bien desarrollado y postorbital puntiagudo y ancho (Muñoz 2001).\n\nEl pelaje dorsal es muy largo (menor de 8 milímetros) pero sedoso, de color café sin bandas contrastantes en el pelo; el pelaje es un poco más claro a nivel del cuello, los hombros y la base dorsal de las orejas. Las alas son negras o café, muy oscuras, con la punta blanca o despigmentada. Las partes ventrales son casi del mismo color que el dorso. Antebrazo por encima y por debajo, y el comienzo del ala, bastante peludos. Las alas se pegan al pie cerca al comienzo de los dedos. El uropatagio es angosto en forma de V, con algo de pelo en su borde libre, sobre todo hacia el centro. El calcar es pequeño (Muñoz 2001).\n\nLos incisivos centrales superiores son bitubulados y en forma de corazón, tan altos como anchos, los laterales son más pequeños, a veces en forma de canoa por fuera, siendo más grandes en el lado de los incisivos que en el de los caninos. El primer premolar superior tiene forma de cúspide y está pegado al canino y separado del segundo premolar en la superficie libre. Los demás molariformes son continuos en tamaño y con la superficie masticatoria ancha. Los incisivos centrales inferiores son de igual tamaño y cubren el espacio entre los caninos. El primer premolar inferior es pequeño y en forma triangular, el segundo con cúspide anterior muy grande; los demás molares son amplios con cúspides pequeñas, el tercer molar superior siempre ausente, el tercer molar inferior muy pequeño. La constricción postorbital del cráneo es menor o igual a siete milímetros; los procesos postorbitales son usualmente puntiagudos y anchos, excediendo la anchura interorbital; la longitud del conducto incisivo tiene más de 26.3 mm (Muñoz 2001).\n\nFD: 2/2 1/1 2/3; 2n: 30-31; FN: 56.","ancillaryData":[{"mediaURL":[],"agent":[],"reference":[{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Muñóz, J."],"editors":[],"keywords":["Artibeus amplus,Artibeus jamaicensis,Artibeus lituratus,Platyrrhinus helleri,Rhynchonycteris naso"],"year":"2001-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","institution":"","publisher":"Editorial Universidad de Antioquia","websites":"","chapter":"","series":"","pages":"391","issue":"","title":"Los Murciélagos de Colombia Sistemática, Distribución, Descripción, Historia Natural y Ecología","source":"","type":"book","tags":"Artibeus amplus,Artibeus jamaicensis,Artibeus lituratus,Platyrrhinus helleri,Rhynchonycteris naso","group_id":"","profile_id":"","_id":"5762c4d4e1b68a831a82cc61","last_modified":null,"created":null}],"dataObject":"","additionalInformation":"","geoPoint":"","location":"","thumbnailURL":"","description":"","source":"","bibliographicCitation":"","rightsHolder":"","rights":"Clara Maria Pérez Gallego","license":"Atribución - No Comercial - Compartir igual (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)","mimeType":"","dataType":"","_id":"5762c4d4e1b68a831a82cc60","subject":[],"audience":[],"modified":null,"created":null}]},"id_record":"56c13cd9f0106c67230e730a","id_user":"sib+ac@humboldt.org.co","state":"accepted","element":"fullDescription","created":"2016-02-15T02:50:01.000Z"},"threatStatusApprovedInUse":{"_id":"656126f1c6e55fb6c08c1804","created":"2023-11-24T22:42:57.000Z","state":"approved_in_use","element":"threatStatus","id_user":"sib+ac@humboldt.org.co","threatStatus":[{"_id":"656126f1c6e55fb6c08c1809","threatStatusAtomized":{"threatCategory":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[],"measurementValue":"LC","measurementType":"UICN"},"_id":"656126f1c6e55fb6c08c180a","authority":["UICN"],"apendiceCITES":[],"appliesTo":{"country":"GLOBAL"}}}],"id_record":"56c13cd9f0106c67230e730a","version":2,"__v":0},"threatStatusValue":"Preocupación menor (LC)","habitats_version":null,"imageInfo":{"mainImage":"https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/123625917/original.jpeg","thumbnailImage":"https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/123625917/original.jpeg","source":"","rightsHolder":"Rafael Perez","license":"CC BY-ND"}},{"originAtomized":{"exotic":false,"invasive":false},"_id":"56c144b9f0106c67230e730b","creation_date":"2016-02-15T03:23:37.000Z","taxonRecordNameApprovedInUse":{"taxonRecordName":{"scientificName":{"canonicalName":{"simple":"Artibeus obscurus"},"canonicalAuthorship":{"simple":"Schinz, 1821"}}}},"scientificNameSimple":"Artibeus obscurus Schinz, 1821","commonNames":[{"language":"Español","name":"Murciélago frutero negro"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Dark Fruit-eating Bat"}],"fullDescriptionApprovedInUse":{"_id":"5762c4d4e1b68a831a82cc62","__t":"FullDescriptionVersion","version":1,"fullDescription":{"_id":"5762c4d4e1b68a831a82cc63","fullDescriptionAtomized":[{"_id":"5762c4d4e1b68a831a82cc64"}],"fullDescriptionUnstructured":"Estos murciélagos son de gran tamaño. Tienen el hocico corto y ancho. La hoja nasal es relativamente larga y ancha, el borde inferior no tiene limites con en labio. Poseen de tres a cuatro verrugas pequeñas por lado en el labio inferior. Las orejas son cortas y redondeadas (Muñoz 2001).\n\nEl cráneo es corto y ancho, la constricción postorbital está localizada en la parte anterior del borde trasero de la región dura del palatino si se observa desde arriba; el escudo rostral se encuentra muy reducido posteriormente, el rostro es arqueado con los procesos preorbital y postorbital pobremente desarrollados; las crestas sagital, lambdoidea y mastoidea no están bien desarrolladas (Muñoz 2001).\n\nEl pelo es largo (mayor de ocho milímetros, y ocho a doce en la mitad de la espalda). Las líneas faciales son muy desteñidas, casi imperceptibles o ausentes. El antebrazo es peludo, pero la tibia, la membrana femoral y el pie están casi desnudos; el color va de oscuro a muy negro, con algunos pelos pálidos en la base; las partes ventrales son más pálidas: como frotadas de blanco. El calcar s relativamente largo; las olas están pegadas a la parte distal del metatarso (Handley 1989). Una característica muy importante es la presencia de un pequeño molar tres superior.\n\nFD: 2/2 1/1 2/2 3/3; 2n: 30-31; FN: 56","ancillaryData":[{"mediaURL":[],"agent":[],"reference":[{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Handley, C. O. Jr."],"editors":["Redford, K. H.","Eisenberg, J. 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Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1806","commonNames":[{"language":"Español","name":"Braceador"},{"language":"Español","name":"Braceadora"},{"language":"Español","name":"Coatá"},{"language":"Español","name":"Maquisapa"},{"language":"Español","name":"Marimba"},{"language":"Español","name":"Marimonda"},{"language":"Español","name":"Marimonda amazónica"},{"language":"Español","name":"Mico araña"},{"language":"Español","name":"Mono araña"},{"language":"Español","name":"Mononegro"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"White-fronted Spider Monkey"}],"fullDescriptionApprovedInUse":{"_id":"63b4b34d5db8545b5ada0e6b","__t":"FullDescriptionVersion","version":2,"id_record":"56c14bf8f0106c67230e730d","id_user":"sib@humboldt.org.co","fullDescription":{"_id":"5762c4d4e1b68a831a82cc6e","fullDescriptionAtomized":[{"_id":"5762c4d4e1b68a831a82cc6f"}],"fullDescriptionUnstructured":"A. belzebuth cuenta con las siguientes subespecies Ateles belzebuth belzebuth (=A. paniscus belzebuth), A. b. chamek (=A. paniscus chamek), y A. b. marginatus (=A. paniscus marginatus), Ateles belzebuth belzebuth es la única que se encuentra en Colombia. El dorso y las extremidades son de color negro, mientras que, el vientre es de color blanco, amarillo o café pálido. Medidas: LCC=416-582, LC=680-899, P=176-217, O=31- 46, Peso=5.9-10.4 Kg (Defler, 2010; Morales-Jiménez et al., 2004).","ancillaryData":[{"mediaURL":[],"agent":[],"reference":[{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Defler, T. R."],"editors":[],"keywords":[""],"year":"2010-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","profile_id":"","group_id":"","abstract":"","tags":"","type":"book","source":"","title":"Historia Natural de los Primates Colombianos","issue":"","series":"","chapter":"","websites":"","accessed":"","publisher":"","address":"","institution":"","link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232631865","_id":"63b4b34d5db8545b5ada0e6e","last_modified":null,"created":null},{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Morales-Jiménez, A. L.","Sánchez, F.","Poveda, K.","Cadena, A."],"editors":[],"keywords":["Agouti paca,Alouatta palliata,Alouatta seniculus,Aotus,Ateles belzebuth,Ateles fusciceps,Ateles hybridus,Atelocynus microtis,Cacajao melanocephalus,Callicebus cupreus,Callicebus torquatus,Callimico goeldii,Callithrix pygmaea,Caluromys lanatus,Cebus albifrons,Cebus apella,Cebus capucinus,Cerdocyon thous,Choloepus hoffmanni,Chrysocyon brachyurus,Dasyprocta punctata,Lagothrix lagotricha,Pithecia monachus,Potos flavus,Saguinus fuscicollis,Saguinus geoffroyi,Saguinus inustus,Saguinus leucopus,Saguinus nigricollis,Saguinus oedipus,Saimiri sciureus,Sciurus granatensis,Speothos venaticus"],"year":"2004-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","institution":"","publisher":"","websites":"","chapter":"","series":"","pages":"248","issue":"","title":"Mamíferos Terrestres y Voladores de Colombia","source":"","type":"book","tags":"Agouti paca,Alouatta palliata,Alouatta seniculus,Aotus,Ateles belzebuth,Ateles fusciceps,Ateles hybridus,Atelocynus microtis,Cacajao melanocephalus,Callicebus cupreus,Callicebus torquatus,Callimico goeldii,Callithrix pygmaea,Caluromys lanatus,Cebus albifrons,Cebus apella,Cebus capucinus,Cerdocyon thous,Choloepus hoffmanni,Chrysocyon brachyurus,Dasyprocta punctata,Lagothrix lagotricha,Pithecia monachus,Potos flavus,Saguinus fuscicollis,Saguinus geoffroyi,Saguinus inustus,Saguinus leucopus,Saguinus nigricollis,Saguinus oedipus,Saimiri sciureus,Sciurus granatensis,Speothos venaticus","group_id":"","profile_id":"","_id":"5762c89ee1b68a831a8684f3","last_modified":null,"created":null}],"dataType":"","mimeType":"","created":null,"modified":null,"title":"","license":"Atribución - No Comercial - Compartir igual (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)","rights":"","rightsHolder":"","bibliographicCitation":"","source":"","description":"","thumbnailURL":"","location":"","geoPoint":"","additionalInformation":"","dataObject":"","_id":"63b4b34d5db8545b5ada0e6d","subject":[],"audience":[]}]},"element":"fullDescription","created":"2023-01-03T22:59:25.000Z"},"threatStatusApprovedInUse":{"_id":"656126b6c6e55fb6c08bed44","created":"2023-11-24T22:41:58.000Z","state":"approved_in_use","element":"threatStatus","id_user":"sib+ac@humboldt.org.co","threatStatus":[{"_id":"656126b6c6e55fb6c08bed49","threatStatusAtomized":{"threatCategory":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[]},"_id":"656126b6c6e55fb6c08bed4a","authority":[],"apendiceCITES":["II"]}},{"_id":"656126b6c6e55fb6c08bed4b","threatStatusAtomized":{"threatCategory":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[],"measurementValue":"EN","measurementType":"UICN"},"_id":"656126b6c6e55fb6c08bed4c","authority":["UICN"],"apendiceCITES":[],"appliesTo":{"country":"GLOBAL"}}},{"_id":"656126b6c6e55fb6c08bed4d","threatStatusAtomized":{"threatCategory":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[],"measurementValue":"VU","measurementType":"MADS"},"_id":"656126b6c6e55fb6c08bed4e","authority":["MINISTERIO DE AMBIENTE Y DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE"],"apendiceCITES":[],"appliesTo":{"country":"Nacional"}}}],"id_record":"56c14bf8f0106c67230e730d","version":2,"__v":0},"threatStatusValue":"Vulnerable (VU)","habitats_version":null,"imageInfo":{"mainImage":"https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/70849610/large.jpg","thumbnailImage":"https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/70849610/large.jpg","source":"","rightsHolder":"Michael Eisen","license":"CC BY"}},{"originAtomized":{"exotic":false,"invasive":false},"_id":"56c1547cf0106c67230e7310","creation_date":"2016-02-15T04:30:52.000Z","taxonRecordNameApprovedInUse":{"taxonRecordName":{"scientificName":{"canonicalName":{"simple":"Ateles fusciceps"},"canonicalAuthorship":{"simple":"Gray, 1866"}}}},"scientificNameSimple":"Ateles fusciceps Gray, 1866","commonNames":[{"language":"Español","name":"Choiba"},{"language":"Español","name":"Chomba"},{"language":"Español","name":"Jerré"},{"language":"Español","name":"Machín"},{"language":"Español","name":"Marijuano"},{"language":"Español","name":"Marimba"},{"language":"Español","name":"Marimonda"},{"language":"Español","name":"Marimonda chocoana"},{"language":"Español","name":"Mica"},{"language":"Español","name":"Mulato"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Black-headed Spider Monkey"}],"fullDescriptionApprovedInUse":{"_id":"63b4b92f5db8545b5ada13e8","__t":"FullDescriptionVersion","version":2,"id_record":"56c1547cf0106c67230e7310","id_user":"sib@humboldt.org.co","fullDescription":{"_id":"5762c4d1e1b68a831a82c80d","fullDescriptionAtomized":[{"_id":"5762c4d1e1b68a831a82c80e"}],"fullDescriptionUnstructured":"Se consideraba como Ateles geoffroyi, sin embargo, luego de estudios realizados por diferentes autores y en especial por (Morales-Jiménez et al., 2015) las poblaciones en Colombia fueron consideradas como una especie independiente, nombrada Ateles fusciceps. Estos estudios muestran una distancia genética mayor a la previamente reportada entre las dos especies. Se reconocen dos subespecies: A. f. fusciceps y A. f. rufiventris (Morales Jímenez et al. 2015). Medidas: LCC=305-630, LC=635-840, P=135-196, O=30-45, Peso=6.6-9 Kg. Los machos suelen ser de mayor tamaño que las hembras, las cuales migran del grupo en el que nacieron, por ende, los machos de un grupo están genéticamente emparentados.","ancillaryData":[{"mediaURL":[],"agent":[],"reference":[{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Morales-Jimenez, A. L.","Disotell, T.","Fiore, A. D."],"editors":[],"keywords":["Taxonomy, Neotropics, Phylogeny, Biogeography, Atelidae, Mitochondrial DNA"],"year":"2015-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","profile_id":"","group_id":"","abstract":"Spider monkeys (Ateles) are one of the most endangered groups of primates in the Neotropics. The genus is widely distributed from Mexico to the north of Bolivia and includes many morphologically distinct forms in terms of pelage color and patterning. The taxonomy, phylogenetic relationships, and biogeographic history of the genus have been subject to much debate, making scientific communication difficult and creating challenges for conservation actions. We extracted DNA from samples of all currently recognized species of spider monkeys collected from across the geographic range of the genus, sequenced 3.5. kilobases of coding sequence from the mitochondrial genome, and used this large dataset to (a) infer the phylogenetic relationships among the different forms of spider monkeys, (b) evaluate whether currently recognized species of spider monkeys form reciprocally monophyletic groups that are concordant with contemporary classifications, and (c) estimate divergence dates among the different lineages of Ateles. We found that all proposed species of spider monkeys for which we have samples from multiple localities indeed appear to form monophyletic groups. However, in contrast to previous studies, several of our analyses robustly inferred Ateles marginatus from northeast Brazil as the sister taxon to all other spider monkeys. A Bayesian dating analysis suggests that the most recent common ancestor of extant Ateles dates to 6.7. Ma, in the late Miocene, and most species-level splits within the genus took place in the late Pliocene, suggesting that the modern diversity in spider monkeys cannot be explained principally by isolation and divergence of populations in forest refugia during the Pleistocene. Based on our new phylogenetic inference and dating analysis, we propose a revised biogeographic scenario for the evolution of this genus.","tags":"","type":"article","source":"Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution","title":"Revisiting the phylogenetic relationships, biogeography, and taxonomy of spider monkeys (genus Ateles) in light of new molecular data","volume":"82","issue":"","pages":"467--483","series":"","chapter":"","websites":"","accessed":"","publisher":"","address":"","institution":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ympev.2014.09.019","issn":"10959513","_id":"63b4b92f5db8545b5ada13eb","last_modified":null,"created":null}],"dataType":"","mimeType":"","created":null,"modified":null,"title":"","license":"Atribución - No Comercial - Compartir igual (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)","rights":"","rightsHolder":"","bibliographicCitation":"","source":"","description":"","thumbnailURL":"","location":"","geoPoint":"","additionalInformation":"","dataObject":"","_id":"63b4b92f5db8545b5ada13ea","subject":[],"audience":[]}]},"element":"fullDescription","created":"2023-01-03T23:24:31.000Z"},"threatStatusApprovedInUse":{"_id":"6561265ac6e55fb6c08bacd4","created":"2023-11-24T22:40:26.000Z","state":"approved_in_use","element":"threatStatus","id_user":"sib+ac@humboldt.org.co","threatStatus":[{"_id":"6561265ac6e55fb6c08bacd9","threatStatusAtomized":{"threatCategory":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[]},"_id":"6561265ac6e55fb6c08bacda","authority":[],"apendiceCITES":["II"]}},{"_id":"6561265ac6e55fb6c08bacdb","threatStatusAtomized":{"threatCategory":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[],"measurementValue":"EN","measurementType":"UICN"},"_id":"6561265ac6e55fb6c08bacdc","authority":["UICN"],"apendiceCITES":[],"appliesTo":{"country":"GLOBAL"}}}],"id_record":"56c1547cf0106c67230e7310","version":2,"__v":0},"threatStatusValue":"En peligro (EN)","habitats_version":null,"imageInfo":{"mainImage":"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Ateles_fusciceps_robustus_moving.JPG","thumbnailImage":"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Ateles_fusciceps_robustus_moving.JPG","source":"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ateles_fusciceps_robustus_moving.JPG","rightsHolder":"Patrick Müller","license":"GNU Free Documentation License"}},{"originAtomized":{"exotic":false,"invasive":false},"_id":"56c15c46f0106c67230e7314","creation_date":"2016-02-15T05:04:06.000Z","taxonRecordNameApprovedInUse":{"taxonRecordName":{"scientificName":{"canonicalName":{"simple":"Ateles hybridus"},"canonicalAuthorship":{"simple":"I. Geoffroy, 1829"}}}},"scientificNameSimple":"Ateles hybridus I. Geoffroy, 1829","commonNames":[{"language":"Español","name":"Braceador"},{"language":"Español","name":"Braceadora"},{"language":"Español","name":"Coatá"},{"language":"Español","name":"Maquisapa"},{"language":"Español","name":"Marimba"},{"language":"Español","name":"Marimonda"},{"language":"Español","name":"Mico araña"},{"language":"Español","name":"Mono araña"},{"language":"Español","name":"Choibo"},{"language":"Español","name":"Mono negro"},{"language":"Español","name":"Choiba"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Brown Spider Monkey"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Variegated Spider Monkey"}],"fullDescriptionApprovedInUse":{"_id":"63b5b3398ae0d2df6697dee7","__t":"FullDescriptionVersion","version":3,"id_record":"56c15c46f0106c67230e7314","id_user":"sib@humboldt.org.co","fullDescription":{"_id":"5762c4d1e1b68a831a82c81d","fullDescriptionAtomized":[{"_id":"5762c4d1e1b68a831a82c81e"}],"fullDescriptionUnstructured":"Anteriormente Ateles hybridus tenía dos subespecies: A. h. hybridus y A. h. brunneus. Actualmente es considerada una especie monotípica (Link et al., 2015). Son primates de gran tamaño, de dorso, manos, pies y brazos negros, cafés pálidos, cafés oscuros o cafés rojizos. Vientre contrastante de color blanco, amarillo o café pálido. Cabeza con frente blanca o café con parche triangular o borde periférico blanco encerrando la cara. Rostro negro o rojo. Cola prensil de color similar a las partes superiores o más oscura; pálida ventralmente. Medidas: LCC=416-582, LC=680-899, P=176-217, O=31-46, Peso=5.9-10.4 Kg.\n\nGeneralmente los machos son de mayor tamaño que las hembras. Estas últimas migran del grupo en el que nacieron, por ende, los machos de un grupo están genéticamente emparentados. Al igual que las otras especies de monos araña A. hybridus presenta un sistema de agrupación fisión-fusión. \n(Defler, 2010).","ancillaryData":[{"mediaURL":[],"agent":[],"reference":[{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Defler, T. R."],"editors":[],"keywords":[""],"year":"2010-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","profile_id":"","group_id":"","abstract":"","tags":"","type":"book","source":"","title":"Historia Natural de los Primates Colombianos","issue":"","series":"","chapter":"","websites":"","accessed":"","publisher":"","address":"","institution":"","link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232631865","_id":"63b5b3398ae0d2df6697deeb","last_modified":null,"created":null},{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Link, Andrés","Valencia, Lina María","Céspedes, Laura Natalia","Duque, Liz Diana","Cadena, Carlos Daniel","Fiore, Anthony Di"],"editors":[],"keywords":["Atelines, Geographic barriers, Phylogenetic relations, Population structure"],"year":"2015-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","profile_id":"","group_id":"","abstract":"The high biological diversity of tropical forests has been attributed to various biogeographic mechanisms promoting diversification. Among these, the riverine barrier hypothesis postulates that populations of a species that become isolated on opposite sites of a major river may gradually diverge to form separate lineages. Brown spider monkeys (Ateles hybridus) are Critically Endangered primates are currently distributed along both banks of the Magdalena River in Colombia. Based on their pelage coloration, populations of A. hybridus on opposite sides of the river have been proposed to belong to two different subspecies: A. h. brunneus on the west bank and A. h. hybridus on the east bank. We sequenced portions of the noncoding HVI region of the mitochondrial D-loop (N = 41) and the COII gene (N = 35) from a total of 51 individuals from populations along both banks of the Magdalena River with the goal of evaluating the role of the river as a barrier to gene flow in this endangered primate. Mitochondrial DNA haplotypes were shared between populations on both banks and we found no evidence of highly structured populations occupying opposite banks of the river, suggesting that the Magdalena River has not acted as an insurmountable barrier for brown spider monkeys. Population genetic analyses also reveal likely gene flow between banks, and only a minor portion of the genetic variation currently found in brown spider monkeys can be explained by the river acting as a barrier or by isolation by distance. Our study provides evidence suggesting that the Magdalena River has not acted as a major barrier influencing the evolution of brown spider monkeys and suggests that the subspecific taxonomy of one of the most endangered primates in the world may need reexamination.","tags":"","type":"article","source":"International Journal of Primatology","title":"Phylogeography of the Critically Endangered Brown Spider Monkey (Ateles hybridus): Testing the Riverine Barrier Hypothesis","volume":"36","issue":"","pages":"530--547","series":"","chapter":"","websites":"","accessed":"","publisher":"","address":"","institution":"","doi":"10.1007/s10764-015-9840-6","issn":"01640291","_id":"63b5b3398ae0d2df6697deea","last_modified":null,"created":null}],"dataType":"","mimeType":"","created":null,"modified":null,"title":"","license":"Atribución - No Comercial - Compartir igual (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)","rights":"","rightsHolder":"","bibliographicCitation":"","source":"","description":"","thumbnailURL":"","location":"","geoPoint":"","additionalInformation":"","dataObject":"","_id":"63b5b3398ae0d2df6697dee9","subject":[],"audience":[]}]},"element":"fullDescription","created":"2023-01-04T17:11:21.000Z"},"threatStatusApprovedInUse":{"_id":"6561265ac6e55fb6c08bacdd","created":"2023-11-24T22:40:26.000Z","state":"approved_in_use","element":"threatStatus","id_user":"sib+ac@humboldt.org.co","threatStatus":[{"_id":"6561265ac6e55fb6c08bace2","threatStatusAtomized":{"threatCategory":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[]},"_id":"6561265ac6e55fb6c08bace3","authority":[],"apendiceCITES":["II"]}},{"_id":"6561265ac6e55fb6c08bace4","threatStatusAtomized":{"threatCategory":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[],"measurementValue":"CR","measurementType":"UICN"},"_id":"6561265ac6e55fb6c08bace5","authority":["UICN"],"apendiceCITES":[],"appliesTo":{"country":"GLOBAL"}}},{"_id":"6561265ac6e55fb6c08bace6","threatStatusAtomized":{"threatCategory":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[],"measurementValue":"CR","measurementType":"MADS"},"_id":"6561265ac6e55fb6c08bace7","authority":["MINISTERIO DE AMBIENTE Y DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE"],"apendiceCITES":[],"appliesTo":{"country":"Nacional"}}}],"id_record":"56c15c46f0106c67230e7314","version":2,"__v":0},"threatStatusValue":"En peligro crítico (CR)","habitats_version":null,"imageInfo":{"mainImage":"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/BrownSpiderMonkey_%28edit2%29.jpg","thumbnailImage":"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/BrownSpiderMonkey_%28edit2%29.jpg","source":"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BrownSpiderMonkey_(edit2).jpg","rightsHolder":"http://www.birdphotos.com","license":"CC BY-SA"}},{"originAtomized":{"exotic":false,"invasive":false},"_id":"56c165cdf0106c67230e7317","creation_date":"2016-02-15T05:44:45.000Z","taxonRecordNameApprovedInUse":{"taxonRecordName":{"scientificName":{"canonicalName":{"simple":"Canis lupus familiaris"},"canonicalAuthorship":{"simple":"Linnaeus, 1758"}}}},"scientificNameSimple":"Canis lupus familiaris Linnaeus, 1758","commonNames":[{"language":"Español","name":"Perro común"},{"language":"Español","name":"Perro feral"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Domestic dog"},{"name":"Perro"},{"name":"Cachorro"},{"name":"Hund"},{"name":"Chien"}],"fullDescriptionApprovedInUse":{"_id":"5762c4d1e1b68a831a82c81f","__t":"FullDescriptionVersion","version":1,"fullDescription":{"_id":"5762c4d1e1b68a831a82c820","fullDescriptionAtomized":[{"_id":"5762c4d1e1b68a831a82c821"}],"fullDescriptionUnstructured":"Presenta una gran variedad de formas y tamaños derivados del proceso de domesticación por el hombre. Existe cerca de 1000 razas de perros las cuales varían en tamaño, forma y color. En general se caracteriza por tener un cuerpo relativamente alto, patas largas y cola cilíndrica y peluda. Posee una glándula odorífera en la base de la cola. Posee un oído y olfato muy desarrollado, siendo este último su principal órgano sensorial (Álvarez-Romero y Medellín, 2005). No existe diferencia significativa entre sexos; aunque el macho tiende a ser más robustos y grande que la hembra. Puede medir entre 36 a 150 cm y puede pesar entre 1 kg hasta 79 kg, dependiendo de la raza.","ancillaryData":[{"mediaURL":[],"agent":[],"reference":[{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Nowak, R. 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Esta especie posee un cariotipo con 2n:48, X1X1X2X2 en la hembra y en el macho 2n:47, X1X2Y con una diferencia producida por una translocación Y autosómica, que ha sido clasificada como característica en la especie (Seufinez, 1989).","ancillaryData":[{"mediaURL":[],"agent":[],"reference":[{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Defler, T. R."],"editors":[],"keywords":[""],"year":"2010-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","profile_id":"","group_id":"","abstract":"","tags":"","type":"book","source":"","title":"Historia Natural de los Primates Colombianos","issue":"","series":"","chapter":"","websites":"","accessed":"","publisher":"","address":"","institution":"","link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232631865","_id":"63b5c0acf100490775d31da6","last_modified":null,"created":null},{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Seufinez, H. N.","Forman, L.","Matayoshi, T.","Fanning, T. 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Isozyme data and restriction mapping of LINE-1 repetitive elements in these species and in a variety of other neotropical primates confirm these findings and supply strong evidence for including Callimico in the Callitrichidae.","tags":"","type":"report","source":"","title":"Chromosoma (Berl) The CMlimico goeldii (Primates, Platyrrhini) genome: Karyology and middle repetitive (LINE-l) DNA sequences","issue":"","series":"","chapter":"","websites":"","accessed":"","publisher":"","address":"","institution":"","_id":"63b5c0acf100490775d31da5","last_modified":null,"created":null}],"dataType":"","mimeType":"","created":null,"modified":null,"title":"","license":"Atribución - No Comercial - Compartir igual (CC BY-NC-SA 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cariblanco"},{"language":"Español","name":"Mico caritablanca"},{"language":"Español","name":"Mico tanque"},{"language":"Español","name":"Mono blanco"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Humboldt's White-fronted Capuchin"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"White-fronted Capuchin"}],"fullDescriptionApprovedInUse":{"_id":"63b5d2f068228d1b77188ffd","__t":"FullDescriptionVersion","version":3,"id_record":"56c3bfe4f0106c67230e735c","id_user":"sib@humboldt.org.co","fullDescription":{"_id":"5762c4d2e1b68a831a82ca1e","fullDescriptionAtomized":[{"_id":"5762c4d2e1b68a831a82ca1f"}],"fullDescriptionUnstructured":"Las poblaciones de Cebus leucocephalus, C. malitiosus y C. versicolor eran consideradas subespecies de C. albifrons, sin embargo, diversos estudios permitieron determinar que realmente es una especie monotípica (Ruiz-García et al., 2010; Boubli et al., 2012).\n\nDorso café-gris pálido, café amarillento o café rojizo. Vientre amarillento. Brazos y piernas amarillos o rojo óxido. Cara rosada con franjas blanco–plateadas. Cola prensil amarilla plateada ahumada. Medidas: LCC=358-460 mm, LC=401-475 mm, P=112-136, O=32-45 mm, Peso=1.2-3.6 Kg.","ancillaryData":[{"mediaURL":[],"agent":[],"reference":[{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Boubli, J. P","Rylands, A. B","Farias, I. P","Alfaro, M. E","Lynch-Alfaro, J"],"editors":[],"keywords":["Amazon, Andes, Biogeography, Cebus albifrons, Cebus capucinus, Cebus olivaceus, Central America, Gracile capuchins, Untufted capuchins"],"year":"2012-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","profile_id":"","group_id":"","abstract":"The untufted, or gracile, capuchin monkeys are currently classified in four species, Cebus albifrons, C. capucinus, C. olivaceus, and C. kaapori, with all but C. kaapori having numerous described subspecies. The taxonomy is controversial and their geographic distributions are poorly known. Cebus albifrons is unusual in its disjunct distribution, with a western and central Amazonian range, a separate range in the northern Andes in Colombia, and isolated populations in Trinidad and west of the Andes in Ecuador and northern Peru. Here we examine previous morphological and molecular hypotheses of the taxonomy and phylogeny of Cebus. We construct a time-calibrated phylogeny based upon mitochondrial DNA sequences from 50 Cebus samples from across their range. Our data indicate that untufted capuchins underwent a radiation at about 2 Ma, and quickly diversified in both the Andes and the Amazon. We provide a provisional reassessment for the taxonomy of untufted capuchins in the Amazon, the Llanos, the Andes, Trinidad, and Central America, splitting currently paraphyletic taxa into several species, including: at least two Amazonian species (C. yuracus and C. unicolor); a species from the Guiana Shield (most likely the same as Humboldt's C. albifrons); two northern Andean species, C. versicolor, C. cesarae; C. brunneus (with trinitatis a junior synonym) on the Venezuelan coast, and C. adustus in the region of Lake Maracaibo; C. capucinus in northwestern Ecuador and Colombia, and Panama; C. imitator in Central America; C. olivaceus and C. castaneus occupying a large part of the Guiana Shield; and C. kaapori in the eastern Amazon, south of the Rio Amazonas. More intensive and extensive geographic sampling is needed, including that for some subspecies not represented here. Taxa from the southwestern Amazon (yuracus, cuscinus, and unicolor) and the phylogenetic position of Humboldt's Simia albifrons from the Orinoco remain particularly poorly defined. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.","tags":"","type":"article","source":"American Journal of Primatology","title":"Cebus Phylogenetic Relationships: A Preliminary Reassessment of the Diversity of the Untufted Capuchin Monkeys","volume":"74","issue":"","pages":"381--393","series":"","chapter":"","websites":"","accessed":"","publisher":"","address":"","institution":"","doi":"10.1002/ajp.21998","issn":"02752565","_id":"63b5d2f068228d1b77189001","last_modified":null,"created":null},{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Ruiz-García, M.","Castillo, M. I.","Vásquez, C.","Rodriguez, K.","Pinedo-Castro, M.","Shostell, J.","Leguizamon, N."],"editors":[],"keywords":["Colombia, Peru, Cebus albifrons, Cebidae-Primates, Molecular phylogeography, MtCOII gene, Population genetics"],"year":"2010-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","profile_id":"","group_id":"","abstract":"A total of 696 base pairs (bp) of the mitochondrial COII gene were sequenced from 118 individuals of Cebus albifrons (plus an individual of Cebus olivaceus) sampled from diverse geographical areas of Colombia, Peru, Ecuador and Brazil. These animals represented all of the C. albifrons's taxa described by Hershkovitz (1949) in Colombia and Peru (10 out of 13 subspecies are described by this author). The sequences analyzed demonstrate the existence of three well defined groups in northern Colombia (trans-Andean): malitosus, versicolor-pleei-cesarae and leucocephalus. They arose from at least, three distinct migrations from different Amazonian groups. Five different Amazonian and Eastern Llanos C. albifrons's groups (I, II, III, IV, and V) were also found. In many Amazonian localities, some of these groups live in sympatry probably by secondary expansion after their respective formations. Amazonian group I is closely related to the versicolor-pleei-cesarae group, malitosus is closely related to Amazonian group V, while leucocephalus is closely related to Amazonian group IV. Nevertheless, our genetic analysis could not resolve the genetic relationships among the main C. albifrons groups. The ρ-statistic applied to the median-joining network yielded that the major part of the temporal splits estimated occurred in the Pleistocene, reinforcing the importance of the Pleistocene refugia during the evolution of C. albifrons. © 2010 Elsevier Inc.","tags":"","type":"article","source":"Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution","title":"Molecular phylogenetics and phylogeography of the white-fronted capuchin (Cebus albifrons; Cebidae, Primates) by means of mtCOII gene sequences","volume":"57","issue":"","pages":"1049--1061","series":"","chapter":"","websites":"","accessed":"","publisher":"","address":"","institution":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ympev.2010.09.002","issn":"10557903","_id":"63b5d2f068228d1b77189000","last_modified":null,"created":null}],"dataType":"","mimeType":"","created":null,"modified":null,"title":"","license":"Atribución - No Comercial - Compartir igual (CC BY-NC-SA 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El cráneo es globular, con el rostro mas pequeño que en las otras especies del género. La cresta sagital es baja (Muñoz 2001). La hilera dental superior tiene una muesca en el perfil labial a la altura del segundo premolar. La altura del segundo premolar inferior es el doble de la del primer molar. El primer molar es muy bajo y con la superficie masticatoria plana (Pine, 1972) FD: 2/2 1/1 2/2 3/3; 2n: 20-22; 36-38.","ancillaryData":[{"mediaURL":[],"agent":[],"reference":[{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Pine, R. 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Tienen el hocico no muy grande, algo trompón, macizo y un poco ancho. La lengua es normal: corta y sin papilas. El mentón tiene una excrescencia central y varias alrededor. La hoja nasal es corta y lanceolada. Las orejas son medianas, anchas y puntiagudas (Muñoz 2001). \n\nEl pelaje es corto, denso, siempre tricolor (oscuro, pálido, oscuro), puede variar de negro a café en distintas tonalidades, e incluso semirrojo. El uropatagio es ancho y desnudo (tiene solamente algunos pelos diseminados); la cola llega casi hasta la tercera parte de él, perforándola un poco en la cara dorsal (Muñoz 2001).\n\nEl cráneo es ancho y corto, con el arco zigomático incompleto. La hilera dental superior es recta. Los incisivos superiores son muy desiguales; los centrales están separados en la base y unidos en la punta, son más anchos y largos que los laterales. Los incisivos superiores son iguales y no tienen espacios entre sí. La hilera dental superior no tiene entrada o muesca en el perfil labial. 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La forma del trigónido respecto al talónido de m1 es casi igual.","ancillaryData":[{"mediaURL":[],"agent":[],"reference":[{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Muñóz, J."],"editors":[],"keywords":["Artibeus amplus,Artibeus jamaicensis,Artibeus lituratus,Artibeus obscurus,Carollia castanea,Carollia perspicillata,Glossophaga longirostris Miller 1898,Glossophaga soricina,Micronycteris hirsuta (Peters 1869),Mormoops megalophylla (Peters 1864),Platyrrhinus helleri,Pteronotus parnellii (Gray 1843),Pteronotus personatus (Wagner 1843),Rhynchonycteris naso"],"year":"2001-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","institution":"","publisher":"Editorial Universidad de Antioquia","websites":"","chapter":"","series":"","pages":"391","issue":"","title":"Los Murciélagos de Colombia Sistemática, Distribución, Descripción, Historia Natural y Ecología","source":"","type":"book","tags":"Artibeus amplus,Artibeus jamaicensis,Artibeus lituratus,Artibeus obscurus,Carollia castanea,Carollia perspicillata,Glossophaga longirostris Miller 1898,Glossophaga soricina,Micronycteris hirsuta (Peters 1869),Mormoops megalophylla (Peters 1864),Platyrrhinus helleri,Pteronotus parnellii (Gray 1843),Pteronotus personatus (Wagner 1843),Rhynchonycteris naso","group_id":"","profile_id":"","_id":"5762c4d2e1b68a831a82ca73","last_modified":null,"created":null},{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Pine, Ronald H"],"editors":[],"keywords":[],"year":"1972-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","profile_id":"","group_id":"","abstract":"","tags":"","type":"miscellany","source":"","title":"The bats of the genus Carollia.  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Es decir el nombre cientifico significa “animal de pie peludo, con nueve bandas” (Marco y García 1983).\n\nLas porciones superiores del cuerpo están protegidas por un caparazón, dividido en tres secciones; Cabeza y hombros cubiertos con un escudo escapular grande. Una sección dorsal cubre las caderas superiores y el área pélvica, extendiéndose hasta la cola. Hay un pliegue de piel entre las secciones de cabeza y hombro, y entre las secciones dorsales y posteriores. La sección central del caparazón consiste en nueve bandas movibles por pliegues de la piel. Cada banda se compone de 50 a 75 escudos superficiales los cuales se asemejan a las escamas de pescado. Anomalías en los modelos de escudo y bandas son presumiblemente hereditarias. Estas consisten en pliegues de los escudos o interrupción del modelo de bandas del caparazón (Storrs, 1971). \n\nCola larga, con escamas; orejas y hocico largo. Buen olfato, pero pocas papilas gustativas. Carecen de conos en la retina y no tienen visión de colores. Los dientes son abundantes, con oscilaciones de números entre individuos de la misma especie. Generalmente de 7 a 9 por hemimaxilar, pero pueden alcanzar 25 en el armadillo gigante; pequeños, cónicos y homodontes (todos iguales), carecen de esmalte por lo que se desgastan rápidamente, pero siguen creciendo durante toda la vida (difiodontes).\n\nLa hembra tiene una hendidura urogenital que sirve como vagina y uretra terminal, mientras que el macho tiene los testículos localizados dentro de cavidad abdominal (Storrs, 1971).\n\nLongitud de cabeza y cuerpo 356-573 mm., longitud de la cola 245-450 mm., longitud del pie 75-110 mm., longitud de la oreja 35-57 mm., peso 2.7-7.7 kg. 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La cola es moderadamente peluda, con la punta negra y oscura en la base. No existe dimorfismo sexual. El rostro es largo y puntiagudo, la cabeza es relativamente corta y estrecha. El pelaje generalmente es gris oscuro a negro a lo largo del dorso, la línea media en el vientre incluyendo las patas son gris a negro, algunas veces con flecos de color amarillo a naranja, El cuello es de coloración amarillento. Orejas grandes, erguidas y ligeramente peludas de color marrón oscuro en el dorso. Ojos de tamaño mediano de color negro y amarillo. Las extremidades presentan cinco dedos en las manos y 4 en las patas con uñas no retráctiles. La cola es de apariencia esponjosa pero más corta que la longitud total de la especie. La fórmula dental es 3/3-1/1-4/4-1/2=44 (Courtenay y Maffei 2004; Berta, 1982; Wilson, et al. 2009).","ancillaryData":[{"mediaURL":[],"agent":[],"reference":[{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Courtenay, O.","Maffei, L."],"editors":["Sillero-zubiri, C.","Hoffmann, M.","MacDonald, D. W."],"keywords":["Cerdocyon thous"],"year":"2004-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","institution":"","publisher":"IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group","websites":"","chapter":"","series":"","pages":"30--38","issue":"","title":"Crab Eating Fox, Cerdocyon thous (Linnaeus, 1766)","source":"Canids: Foxes, Wolves, Jackals and Dogs. 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Presenta un distintivo metacónido en el molar 1. Hocico, mentón, cuello y pecho negros (Yensen y Tarifa 2003).\n\nLa fórmula dental para esta especie es I3 / 3 + C1 / 1 + P3 / 3 + M1 / 2, dando Galictis Vittata un total de 34 dientes. Los individuos adultos pueden pesar entre 1.5 y 3.5 kg.","ancillaryData":[{"mediaURL":[],"agent":[],"reference":[{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Yensen, E.","Tarifa, T."],"editors":[],"keywords":["Galictis vittata"],"year":"2003-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","institution":"","publisher":"","websites":"","chapter":"","series":"","issue":"","volume":"127","title":"Galictis vittata","source":"Mammalian Species","type":"article","tags":"Galictis vittata","group_id":"","profile_id":"","_id":"5762c4d4e1b68a831a82ccc4","last_modified":null,"created":null}],"dataObject":"","additionalInformation":"","geoPoint":"","location":"","thumbnailURL":"","description":"","source":"","bibliographicCitation":"","rightsHolder":"","rights":"Nancy Carolina Rojas Riaño","license":"Atribución - No Comercial - Compartir igual (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)","mimeType":"","dataType":"","_id":"5762c4d4e1b68a831a82ccc3","modified":null,"created":null,"subject":[],"audience":[]}]},"element":"fullDescription","created":"2021-02-08T19:56:25.000Z"},"threatStatusApprovedInUse":{"_id":"5762c835e1b68a831a8638e4","__t":"ThreatStatusVersion","version":1,"id_record":"56c56138f0106c67230e73a4","id_user":"sib+ac@humboldt.org.co","state":"accepted","element":"threatStatus","threatStatus":[{"threatStatusUnstructured":"","threatStatusAtomized":{"threatCategory":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[],"measurementValue":"Preocupación menor (LC)","relatedTo":"","measurementRemarks":"","measurementMethod":"","measurementDeterminedDate":null,"measurementUnit":"","measurementAccuracy":"","measurementType":"IUCN","measurementID":""},"appliesTo":{"locality":"","municipality":"","county":"","stateProvince":"","country":""},"_id":"5762c835e1b68a831a8638e6","authority":["IUCN"],"apendiceCITES":["Apéndice III"],"ancillaryData":[]},"_id":"5762c835e1b68a831a8638e5","ancillaryData":[]}],"created":"2016-02-18T06:14:16.000Z","__v":0},"threatStatusValue":"Preocupación menor (LC)"},{"originAtomized":{"exotic":false,"invasive":false},"_id":"56c5691df0106c67230e73a6","creation_date":"2016-02-18T06:47:57.000Z","taxonRecordNameApprovedInUse":{"taxonRecordName":{"scientificName":{"canonicalName":{"simple":"Eumops glaucinus"},"canonicalAuthorship":{"simple":" (Wagner, 1843)"}}}},"scientificNameSimple":"Eumops glaucinus (Wagner, 1843)","commonNames":[{"language":"Español","name":"Murciélago-con bonete de Wagner"},{"language":"Español","name":"Murciélago mediano de cola libre"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Wagner's Bonneted Bat"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Wagner's mastiff-bat"}],"fullDescriptionApprovedInUse":{"_id":"5762c4d4e1b68a831a82ccca","__t":"FullDescriptionVersion","version":1,"fullDescription":{"_id":"5762c4d4e1b68a831a82cccb","fullDescriptionAtomized":[{"_id":"5762c4d4e1b68a831a82cccc"}],"fullDescriptionUnstructured":"La parte dorsal es pardo oscuro o parduzco con la base del pelo blanca. Los cuartos traseros presentan cerdas largas, de unos 10 mm. La parte ventral es parduzca. El pelaje es de longitud mediana (5-6 mm) y maleable. Las orejas son largas, pero no alcanzan la punta de la nariz cuando se disponen hacia adelante. El hocico es ancho y liso. No presenta pelos sobre el borde del calcáneo (Elizondo, 1999 en Inbio 2013).","ancillaryData":[{"mediaURL":[],"agent":[],"reference":[{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Inbio"],"editors":[],"keywords":["Eumops glaucinus (Wagner 1843),Macrophyllum macrophyllum (Schinz 1821),Micronycteris hirsuta (Peters 1869),Mimon crenulatum,Mormoops megalophylla (Peters 1864),Noctilio albiventris (Desmarest 1818),Noctilio leporinus (Linnaeus 1758),Pteronotus parnellii (Gray 1843)"],"year":"2013-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","link":"http://darnis.inbio.ac.cr/","institution":"","publisher":"","websites":"","chapter":"","series":"","issue":"","title":"Mamíferos de Centroamérica","source":"","type":"miscellany","tags":"Eumops glaucinus (Wagner 1843),Macrophyllum macrophyllum (Schinz 1821),Micronycteris hirsuta (Peters 1869),Mimon crenulatum,Mormoops megalophylla (Peters 1864),Noctilio albiventris (Desmarest 1818),Noctilio leporinus (Linnaeus 1758),Pteronotus parnellii (Gray 1843)","group_id":"","profile_id":"","_id":"5762c4d4e1b68a831a82ccce","last_modified":null,"created":null}],"dataObject":"","additionalInformation":"","geoPoint":"","location":"","thumbnailURL":"","description":"","source":"","bibliographicCitation":"","rightsHolder":"","rights":"Equipo Coordinador del SiB Colombia","license":"Atribución - No Comercial - Compartir igual (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)","mimeType":"","dataType":"","_id":"5762c4d4e1b68a831a82cccd","subject":[],"audience":[],"modified":null,"created":null}]},"id_record":"56c5691df0106c67230e73a6","id_user":"sib+ac@humboldt.org.co","state":"accepted","element":"fullDescription","created":"2016-02-18T06:47:57.000Z"},"threatStatusApprovedInUse":{"_id":"656126bac6e55fb6c08bf088","created":"2023-11-24T22:42:02.000Z","state":"approved_in_use","element":"threatStatus","id_user":"sib+ac@humboldt.org.co","threatStatus":[{"_id":"656126bac6e55fb6c08bf08d","threatStatusAtomized":{"threatCategory":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[],"measurementValue":"LC","measurementType":"UICN"},"_id":"656126bac6e55fb6c08bf08e","authority":["UICN"],"apendiceCITES":[],"appliesTo":{"country":"GLOBAL"}}}],"id_record":"56c5691df0106c67230e73a6","version":2,"__v":0},"threatStatusValue":"Preocupación menor (LC)","habitats_version":null,"imageInfo":{"mainImage":"https://static.inaturalist.org/photos/130418898/large.jpeg","thumbnailImage":"https://static.inaturalist.org/photos/130418898/large.jpeg","source":"","rightsHolder":"Thamurdock","license":"CC 0"}},{"originAtomized":{"exotic":true,"invasive":false},"_id":"56c5e3a7f0106c67230e73ad","creation_date":"2016-02-18T15:30:47.000Z","taxonRecordNameApprovedInUse":{"taxonRecordName":{"scientificName":{"canonicalName":{"simple":"Felis catus"},"canonicalAuthorship":{"simple":"Linnaeus, 1758"}}}},"scientificNameSimple":"Felis catus Linnaeus, 1758","commonNames":[{"language":"Español","name":"Gato doméstico"},{"language":"Español","name":"Gato"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Feral cat"},{"language":"Francés","name":"Chat domestique"},{"language":"Alemán","name":"Katze"},{"language":"Italiano","name":"Gatto"},{"language":"Portugués","name":"Gato caseiro"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Domestic Cat"},{"language":"Alemán","name":"Hauskatze"},{"language":"Francés","name":"Chat haret"}],"fullDescriptionApprovedInUse":{"_id":"5762c4d4e1b68a831a82cce7","__t":"FullDescriptionVersion","version":1,"fullDescription":{"_id":"5762c4d4e1b68a831a82cce8","fullDescriptionAtomized":[{"_id":"5762c4d4e1b68a831a82cce9"}],"fullDescriptionUnstructured":"Posee un pelaje suave y lanoso con apariencia brillante. Su cuerpo es flexible, ligero, musculoso y compacto (Álvarez-Romero y Medellín, 2005). La cabeza es redonda y corta. Las patas delanteras tienen cinco dígitos y las traseras cuatro. Las garras son retráctiles, largas, afiladas y curvadas. Tiene cojinetes desnudos. Posee  glándulas en la cabeza, cerca de la cola y el hocico, que utilizan para marcar. Tiene muy desarrollado los sentidos de la vista y el oído (Nowak, 1991). Existe gran variedad en formas (con o sin pelo), tamaños y colores. Existen más de 30 razas.","ancillaryData":[{"mediaURL":[],"agent":[],"reference":[{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Álvarez-Romero, J.","Medellín, R. A."],"editors":[],"keywords":["Felis catus"],"year":"2005-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","institution":"","publisher":"","websites":"","chapter":"","series":"","pages":"1--8","issue":"","title":"Felis silvestris. 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El chigüiro tiene una cola rudimentaria y posee un pliegue dérmico que recubre el ano y la zona genital (Emmons, 1997), haciendo difícil la determinación del sexo a simple vista. \n\nLa fórmula dental del chigüiro como en los demás Caviomorpha es i1/1, c0/0, p1/1, m3/3 con un total de 20 dientes. Los dientes incisivos superiores son más anchos en los machos que en las hembras adultas (Ojasti, 1973). \n\nEl chigüiro tiene una gran proporción de glándulas cutáneas. Entre ellas está el morillo o piporro que es una glándula verrugosa en la región dorsal de la cabeza. Esta glándula es de origen sebáceo y secreta una sustancia viscosa y blancuzca que es empleada para marcar el territorio. Cuenta también con glándulas sudoríparas asociadas a los folículos pilosos, los que a su vez cuentan con un músculo piloerector. 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Cuerpo café, café pálido ahumado, gris ahumado oscuro, café rojizo oliváceo. Cuerpo y piernas robustos. Pelaje suave, lanoso, corto y uniforme. Tienen una barriga grande, redonda y protuberante. Cabeza redonda, cara negra. Cola prensil, sin pelo ventralmente. Medidas: LCC=390-580 mm, LC=550-800 mm, P=118-158, O=25-37, Peso=3.6-10 Kg (Morales-Jiménez et al., 2004).","ancillaryData":[{"mediaURL":[],"agent":[],"reference":[{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Di Fiore, A."],"editors":[],"keywords":[""],"year":"2009-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","profile_id":"","group_id":"","abstract":"","tags":"","type":"miscellany","source":"","title":"Genetic approaches to the study of dispersal and kinship in new world primates. [En]: Garber, P.A.","issue":"","series":"","chapter":"","websites":"","accessed":"","publisher":"","address":"","institution":"","_id":"63b70ff466f5e93087489ac9","last_modified":null,"created":null},{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Morales-Jiménez, A. 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All the current Lagothrix forms probably descended from the ancestor L. poeppigii or perhaps (less probably) that of L. lugens. We detected at least 2 lineages in L. poeppigii. L. cana and L. lagotricha were determined to be monophyletic and had lower gene diversity levels compared to L. poeppigii and L. lugens. The most basal ancestors of the current L. poeppigii lineages diverged from the other Lagothrix taxa around 2.5 million years ago, at the end of the Pliocene or at the beginning of the Pleistocene. Clearly, L. cana and L. lagotricha were the 2 most recently derived Lagothrix taxa. The diversification within L. lugens and L. poeppigii may coincide with the first and second Pleistocene glacial periods, respectively, while the diversification within L. cana and L. lagotricha could have occurred in the last 400,000 years, coinciding with the climatological changes provoked by the Illinois-Riss (third) and Wisconsin-Würm (fourth) glaciations. Copyright © 2010 S. Karger AG, Basel.","tags":"","type":"article","source":"Folia Primatologica","title":"Molecular systematics and phylogeography of the genus Lagothrix (Atelidae, Primates) by means of the mitochondrial COII gener","volume":"81","issue":"","pages":"109--128","series":"","chapter":"","websites":"","accessed":"","publisher":"","address":"","institution":"","doi":"10.1159/000315070","issn":"00155713","_id":"63b70ff466f5e93087489ac8","last_modified":null,"created":null},{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Stevenson, P. R."],"editors":[],"keywords":["Daily path length, Dominance, Lagothrix lagothricha, Tinigua park"],"year":"2006-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","profile_id":"","group_id":"","abstract":"In this study, I revise three aspects of the socioecology of woolly monkeys (genus Lagothrix) that might give us a better understanding of the patterns found in this species: (1) the association between temporal variation in fruit abundance and diet, activity, and ranging patterns; (2) the individual trade-offs associated with living in small or large groups, and (3) the relationship between social dominance and foraging success. Using behavioral and ecological data collected during 3 years in Tinigua Park, Colombia, I found that woolly monkeys tend to avoid open-degraded forests, where fruit production is generally lower than it is in mature forests. Diet and activity budgets were highly associated with temporal patterns of fruit production. Daily path length was positively correlated with group size and monthly fruit abundance, and negatively correlated with habitat quality. I found differences in activity budgets and the diet preferences of different age/sex classes. For example, adult males rest more and juveniles play more than other classes. Juveniles and adult females without infants look for arthropods more often than adult males and females with young infants, who showed the highest frequencies of fruit feeding. Dominant adult males were not consistently the most efficient foragers on fruits according to two different indexes. Most of these results are consistent with the expectations from strong intragroup competition for resources. However, females with infants received benefits during feeding similar to those of dominant adult males, which may be mediated by differential aggression from males to other group members (juveniles and females without infants). © Japan Monkey Centre and Springer-Verlag 2006.","tags":"","type":"article","source":"Primates","title":"Activity and ranging patterns of colombian woolly monkeys in north-western Amazonia","volume":"47","issue":"","pages":"239--247","series":"","chapter":"","websites":"","accessed":"","publisher":"","address":"","institution":"","doi":"10.1007/s10329-005-0172-6","issn":"00328332","_id":"63b70ff466f5e93087489ac7","last_modified":null,"created":null}],"dataType":"","mimeType":"","created":null,"modified":null,"title":"","license":"Atribución - No Comercial - Compartir igual (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)","rights":"","rightsHolder":"","bibliographicCitation":"","source":"","description":"","thumbnailURL":"","location":"","geoPoint":"","additionalInformation":"","dataObject":"","_id":"63b70ff466f5e93087489ac6","subject":[],"audience":[]}]},"element":"fullDescription","created":"2023-01-05T17:59:16.000Z"},"threatStatusApprovedInUse":{"_id":"65612705c6e55fb6c08c27bd","created":"2023-11-24T22:43:17.000Z","state":"approved_in_use","element":"threatStatus","id_user":"sib+ac@humboldt.org.co","threatStatus":[{"_id":"65612705c6e55fb6c08c27c2","threatStatusAtomized":{"threatCategory":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[]},"_id":"65612705c6e55fb6c08c27c3","authority":[],"apendiceCITES":["II"]}}],"id_record":"56c6401ef0106c67230e73b5","version":2,"__v":0},"threatStatusValue":"Vulnerable (VU)","habitats_version":null,"imageInfo":{"mainImage":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Lagothrix_lagotricha.jpg","thumbnailImage":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Lagothrix_lagotricha.jpg","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=813532","rightsHolder":"E rulez","license":"Public Domain"}},{"originAtomized":{"exotic":false,"invasive":false},"_id":"56c64a7af0106c67230e73b6","creation_date":"2016-02-18T22:49:30.000Z","taxonRecordNameApprovedInUse":{"taxonRecordName":{"scientificName":{"canonicalName":{"simple":"Lasiurus ega"},"canonicalAuthorship":{"simple":" (Gervais, 1856)"}}}},"scientificNameSimple":"Lasiurus ega (Gervais, 1856)","commonNames":[{"language":"Español","name":"Murciélago-cola peluda amarillo"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Southern Yellow Bat"},{"language":"Español","name":"Murciélago platanero"},{"language":"Español","name":"Murciélago de las palmeras"}],"fullDescriptionApprovedInUse":{"_id":"5762c4d4e1b68a831a82cd15","__t":"FullDescriptionVersion","version":1,"fullDescription":{"_id":"5762c4d4e1b68a831a82cd16","fullDescriptionAtomized":[{"_id":"5762c4d4e1b68a831a82cd17"}],"fullDescriptionUnstructured":"El nombre Lasiurus deriva de la palabra en griego lasios que significa “peludo” y oura que significa “cola”; ega viene de la localidad tipo (Ega, Amazonas, Brasil) (Kurta & Lehr 1995).\n\nLasiurus ega tiene un cuerpo pequeño y un hocico ancho y corto. El labio superior se proyecta hacia adelante y lateralmente del labio inferior; el final de la nariz es ancho y ligeramente cóncavo entre las narinas. Las orejas son cortas y redondeadas. La membrana que forma las alas empieza en la base del dedo externo de la extremidad posterior (Kurta & Lehr 1995). El pelaje del cuerpo es suave y sedoso y puede tener diferentes colores (blancuzco, amarillo o naranja) dependiendo de la subespecie (Kurta & Lehr 1995). El pelaje dorsal se extiende sobre la membrana del ala hasta una línea imaginaria trazada entre la mitad del brazo y la rodilla. El pelaje ventral, generalmente es más claro y cubre la membrana del ala hasta una línea que va desde el codo hasta la rodilla. La cola está cubierta de pelo hasta el primer tercio o primer medio proximal (Kurta & Lehr 1995).","ancillaryData":[{"mediaURL":[],"agent":[],"reference":[{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Kurta, A.","Lehr, G. 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La historia taxonómica de la especie es confusa, particularmente porque algunas subespecies fueron descritas por sus variaciones en el color del pelaje con un número limitado de especimenes (Honacki et. al. 1982), por lo cual sería necesaria una revisión taxonómica de la especie, ya que algunas de las nueve subespecies reconocidas hasta el momento pueden ser sinónimos. \n\nLeopardus pardalis es la especie más grande de los pequeños felinos manchados de América (Emmons 1997, Elizondo 1999). \n\nLos machos pesan entre 10 y 12 Kg. y las hembras entre 8 y 9,4 Kg. La longitud del cuerpo es de 70 a 90 cm., la cola de 28 a 41, la oreja entre 5 y 6,5 cm. El pelaje es corto y liso y se encuentra dispuesto en sentido invertido sobre la nuca. El color del pelaje es amarillo o amarillo rojizo hacia el dorso con un diseño de franjas arosetadas alargadas de bordes negros que corren paralelas a lo largo del cuerpo. Los ejemplares jóvenes son más grisáceos. Las orejas presentan una mancha blanca y en la cara líneas de color negro. La parte ventral, incluyendo las piernas, es más clara, a veces blanca y con manchas dispersas. Los ojos son grandes, muy brillantes y de color amarillo pálidos. La cola es claramente más corta que la del miembro posterior, con bandas y manchas negras. Las manos son más robustas y con cinco dedos, mientras que los pies tienen cuatro dedos, todos provistos de garras retráctiles (Jorgenson 2006).","ancillaryData":[{"mediaURL":[],"agent":[],"reference":[{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Kratochvíl, J."],"editors":[],"keywords":["Leopardus pardalis,Leopardus wiedii"],"year":"1982-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","institution":"","publisher":"","websites":"","chapter":"","series":"","pages":"289--304","issue":"","title":"Karyotyp und System der Familie Felidae (Carnivora, Mammalia)","source":"Folia Zoologica","type":"article","tags":"Leopardus pardalis,Leopardus wiedii","group_id":"","profile_id":"","_id":"5762c4d5e1b68a831a82cd8c","last_modified":null,"created":null},{"identifiers":[],"authors":["O'Brien, S."],"editors":["Nowell, K.","Jackson, P."],"keywords":["Leopardus pardalis"],"year":"1996-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","institution":"","publisher":"IUCN/SSC (International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Nature Resources/Species Survival Commission) Cat Specialist Group","websites":"","chapter":"","series":"","pages":"23--24","issue":"","title":"Molecular Genetics and Phylogenetics of the Felidae","source":"Wild cats: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan","type":"book_section","tags":"Leopardus pardalis","group_id":"","profile_id":"","_id":"5762c4d5e1b68a831a82cd8b","last_modified":null,"created":null},{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Woozencraft, W.C."],"editors":["Wilson, D. 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Hay un dimorfismo sexual y los machos son de mayor tamaño que las hembras (Emmons 1990). La longitud del cuerpo es de 40-55 cm., mientras que la cola alcanza entre 25 y 40 cm, con un peso promedio de 1,5-3 Kg. (Novell y Jackson 1996). Su cuerpo es de apariencia esbelta, la cabeza es comparativamente pequeña con los ojos grandes y saltones, y las orejas grandes y redondeadas. El pelaje es denso y lanudo, anteado en la base y más vivo u ocráceo en la coronilla, mientras que se torna casi blanco-crema en el vientre y sus flancos. Los individuos melánicos son frecuentes. Poseen un diseño de manchas alargadas de color café oscuro a negro en el dorso y en los flancos. La cola tiene hasta once anillos negros y la punta negra. Sobre los ojos tienen una delgada línea blanca y el iris es dorado o café claro (Garman 1997). Las orejas son exteriormente negras con una mancha blanca. Sobre la frente tienen de 4 a 5 rayas negras y en las mejillas tienen dos más, una de las cuales llega hasta la garganta. Es muy similar al tigrillo peludo (L. wiedii), pero más esbelto y con la cola más corta (Jorgenson et al. 2006).","ancillaryData":[{"mediaURL":[],"agent":[],"reference":[{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Jorgenson, J. P.","Rodríguez-Mahecha, J. V.","Bedoya-Gaitán, M.","Durán-Ramírez, C.","González-Hernández, A."],"editors":["Rodríguez-Mahecha, J. 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En Colombia aparentemente existen tres subespecies de las 21 reconocidas: Leopardus w. amazonicus, L. w. vigens y L. w. pirrensis. \n\nEs una especie generalmente arborícola. Pesa alrededor de 3.2 Kg. y la longitud del cuerpo varía entre 46 y 79 cm.; la cola es muy larga, con una longitud que varía entre 33 y 51 cm., lo que equivale entre el 60-65% de la longitud del cuerpo. Las orejas son redondeadas y largas y sus ojos son grandes y saltones. El pelaje es suave y denso y varía de color pardo amarillento a pardo moreno. Muestra un diseño de franjas de listas y manchas arosetadas irregulares que corren en forma longitudinal a lo largo del cuerpo. Las rosetas tienen bordes acordonados negros con el centro más intenso que el colorido del resto del pelaje dorsal. El vientre, pecho, garganta, mandíbula y el flanco interior de las patas son blancos. Presenta dos rayas negras a cada lado de la cara. La cola tiene anillos anchos e incompletos y la punta es de color negro. Las orejas en su parte externa son de color negro, con una mancha blanca en el centro. Sus ojos son de color café oscuro (Krakauer y McAnulty 2002). El pelaje de los individuos de zonas montañosas es más oscuro y denso que los de tierras bajas (Garman 1997). No han sido registrados individuos melánicos de esta especie.","ancillaryData":[{"mediaURL":[],"agent":[],"reference":[{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Weigel, I."],"editors":[],"keywords":["Leopardus wiedii"],"year":"1961-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","institution":"","publisher":"","websites":"","chapter":"","series":"","pages":"1--120","issue":"","title":"Das Fellmuster der Wildlebenden Katzenarten und der Hauskatze in Vergleichender und Stammesgeschicher Hinsicht","source":"S\\\"augetierkundliche Mitteilungen","type":"article","tags":"Leopardus wiedii","group_id":"","profile_id":"","_id":"5762c4d7e1b68a831a82cf8a","last_modified":null,"created":null},{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Hemmer, H."],"editors":[],"keywords":["Leopardus wiedii"],"year":"1978-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","institution":"","publisher":"","websites":"","chapter":"","series":"","pages":"71--79","issue":"","volume":"1","title":"The Evolutionary Systematics of Living Felidae: Present Status and Current Problems","source":"Carnivore","type":"article","tags":"Leopardus wiedii","group_id":"","profile_id":"","_id":"5762c4d7e1b68a831a82cf89","last_modified":null,"created":null},{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Kratochvíl, J."],"editors":[],"keywords":["Leopardus pardalis,Leopardus wiedii"],"year":"1982-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","institution":"","publisher":"","websites":"","chapter":"","series":"","pages":"289--304","issue":"","title":"Karyotyp und System der Familie Felidae (Carnivora, Mammalia)","source":"Folia Zoologica","type":"article","tags":"Leopardus pardalis,Leopardus wiedii","group_id":"","profile_id":"","_id":"5762c4d7e1b68a831a82cf88","last_modified":null,"created":null},{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Krakauer, A.","McAnulty, B."],"editors":[],"keywords":["Leopardus wiedii"],"year":"2002-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","link":"http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/leopardus/l.wiediinarrative.html","institution":"","publisher":"","websites":"","chapter":"","series":"","issue":"","title":"Margay. 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Hoja nasal y orejas muy largas y con márgenes lisos, la base y el labio superior con excrecencias. Trago muy largo con borde liso y con lóbulo basal externo (Muñoz 2001). El cráneo presenta una concavidad bien marcada en la base, entre las órbitas, elevándose poco a poco; nasales elevándose por encima de los nares. Palatino ancho, bulla timpánica pequeña (Muñoz 2001). Pelaje dorsal largo y lanoso a nivel de los hombros; color castaño oscuro o rojizo. Uropatagio oscuro. Mesopatagio negruzco, unicolor o levemente blanquecino en el extremo distal, unido a la porción ventral del calcar, y en la superficie media de la porción distal de la tibia. Antebrazo usualmente peludo tanto en el vientre como en el dorso (Muñoz 2001). Extremidades posteriores más largas que la cola. Calcar cartilaginoso, más largo o igual al pie. Borde del urotopagio más corto que el calcar. El pelaje del cuerpo se extiende por las membranas adyacentes. Cola larga terminando casi en la punta del uropatagio (Muñoz 2001).\n\nIncisivos centrales superiores con borde cortante entero y con la corona asimétricamente bilobulada. Diastema pequeño entre el incisivo externo y el canino. Incisivos inferiores trilobulados. Premolar tres muy pequeño o ausente; premolar dos muy pequeño. Superficie masticatoria en forma de W (Hernández y Cadena, 1978; Lassier y Wilson, 1989). \n\nFD: 2/2 1/1 2/3 3/3; 2n: 32; FN: 60","ancillaryData":[{"mediaURL":[],"agent":[],"reference":[{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Hernández, J.","Cadena, G. 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Razones por las cuales surge la inquietud en cuanto a si las subespecies suramericanas deben considerarse dentro de la especie norteamericana y en caso de ser ratificadas como diferentes, debe darse a la especie suramericana el nombre de O. cariacou (González-H. 2001). \n\nEn Colombia se reconocen actualmente cinco subespecies: O. v. ustus, O. v. goudotii, O. v. curassavicus, O. v. tropicalis, y O. v. apurensis y más allá de las descripciones, se requiere de una revisión taxonómica en las poblaciones naturales para definir las diferencias entre subespecies (López-Arévalo y González-Hernández 2006). \n\nPresenta dimorfismo sexual, los machos son de mayor tamaño que las hembras. La longitud total cabeza – cola varía entre 1,2-1,5 m; la longitud de la cola sin pelos entre 11-17 cm.; el pie posterior con pezuña 35-40 cm.; la oreja 10,5-14,5 cm. y el peso entre 23-50 Kg. (González-H. 2001). \n\nLos machos adultos poseen una cornamenta a manera de racimo con varias puntas que surgen del eje principal, lo cual los diferencia de otros venados colombianos (López-Arévalo y González-Hernández 2006). La coloración general varía desde ocre hasta grisáceo, con pelo blanco alrededor de los ojos, en la garganta, detrás del rinario, en el labio inferior, el mentón, en las partes internas de las extremidades, dentro de las orejas, en el abdomen y bajo la cola (el cual sobresale a la punta de la misma). Una pequeña franja de color pardo obscura en la parte inferior del rostro y que se continúa en el labio inferior asemeja un bozal. Los cervatillos tienen pequeñas manchas blancas, dispuestas en dos hileras sobre el lomo desde el cuello hasta la cola y en puntos dispersos sobre los costados (Halls 1984). \n\nLas subespecies de venado sabanero presentes en Colombia muestran algunas diferencias (Cabrera 1918, Brokx 1984) así: Los de tierras bajas tienen el pelaje algo corto y poseen coloración ocre-amarillenta, entre ellos se encuentran Odocoileus v. tropicalis, O. v. curassavicus y O. v. apurensis. 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Es el oso hormiguero mas grande.\n\nLa longitud cabeza cuerpo es de 1 a 1.9 m, y posee una cola larga que alcanza entre 60 y 90 cm., no prensil y de pelo muy largo. Su peso varía entre 22 y 39 kg. El pelaje es grueso y tosco y se hace más largo desde el lomo hasta la punta de la cola. El color del dorso y la cola va desde gris a pardo o negro, con tonalidades blancas. La lengua es extremadamente larga, delgada y pegajosa. Posee tres grandes garras en las extremidades anteriores, mientras que en las patas traseras tiene cinco garras cortas (Eisenber 1989, Emmons y Feer 1997). \n\nExisten tres subespecies reconocidas: Myrmecophaga tridactyla centralis de Centro América, M. t. artata en el noroeste de Suramérica y M. t. tridactyla en el rango de distribución restante hacia el sur (Polanco-Ochoa et al. 2006).\n\nLa fórmula dentaria es i 0/0, c 0/0, p 0/0, m 0/0, total 0.","ancillaryData":[{"mediaURL":[],"agent":[],"reference":[{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Polanco Ochoa, R.","López-Arévalo, H. F.","Ángeles-Arce, M.","Camargo, A. 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(Elizondo, 1999 en Inbio 2013). \n\nEl epíteto genérico Noctilio se deriva del latín “noctis” que significa “noche” o quizás del francés “noctilion” que traduce “murciélago” (Palmer 1904 en Smith 2008). El epíteto específico “albiventris” proviene del griego y significa “vientre blanco” (Braun & Mares 1995 en Smith 2008).","ancillaryData":[{"mediaURL":[],"agent":[],"reference":[{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Elizondo, L. 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El epíteto específico “leporinus“ también viene del latín y es una combinación de dos palabras que significan “como una liebre”, seguramente hace referencia a la apariencia de este murciélago que tiene las orejas largas y el labio superior dividido (Gannon 2005).\n\nNoctilio leporinus es uno de los murciélagos más grandes de Centroamérica; tienen las patas traseras largas y extendidas. Las partes dorsales de color naranja o pardo; tiene una raya pálida sobre la espalda, usualmente ancha y prominente; las partes ventrales más pálidas, en ocasiones amarillo brillante. Orejas largas y angostas; labio superior agrietado y caído. Membranas de color café que brillan en la noche; membranas de las alas y uropatagio muy grandes; calcáneos más grandes que las patas. Garras de las patas traseras muy alargadas, de color naranja si el cuerpo está cubierto con pelo naranja, blancas si el cuerpo es gris o pardo. 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La cabeza es larga, al igual que la mandíbula, el nostril es desnudo y de color rosado, los caninos son largos y no se ven cuando la boca se encuentra cerrada. Los ojos son pequeños, la cola pequeña y poco visible. Las patas delanteras presentan dos dedos que tocan el suelo y otros dos que no lo hacen, por lo que generalmente no aparecen en las huellas. Las patas traseras presentan dos dedos largos y uno más pequeño. En general tiene la forma de un cerdo (Cabrera y Molano-Rueda 1995).","ancillaryData":[{"mediaURL":[],"agent":[],"reference":[{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Cabrera J. 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La cara con una máscara negra alrededor de los ojos y cruzando la coronilla, y con una mancha blanca grande sobre cada ojo y en la base de la oreja, mentón y parte inferior de las mejillas blanco crema; orejas grandes, peladas, con bordes negros y el centro pálido; nariz, labio arriba del mentón y dedos rosados; la comisura de los labios es negra. Cola gris oscuro en la base, la punta blanca netamente diferenciada en una línea, cubierta densamente con igual pelaje que el cuerpo en los primeros 5-8 cm (alrededor de 17% de su largo). Parte ventral blanco amarillento, naranja, o pecho y vientre gris pálido. La hembra tiene marsupio, teñido de color naranja si tuvo cría. Escroto de los machos negro. Juveniles iguales a los adultos (Emmons 1999).","ancillaryData":[{"mediaURL":[],"agent":[],"reference":[{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Emmons, H. 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El hocico es estrecho y alargado. La hoja nasal tiene forma de punta de lanza, de tamaño mediano. Mentón con un surco profundo rodeado de pequeñas verrugas. Las orejas son cortas, redondeadas y tubulares. El trago tiene forma de lengüeta con el borde anterior redondeado o arqueado, y el posterior con dos salientes bien definidas. Murciélagos de ojos grandes y vivaces. \n\nEl pelaje dorsal es sedoso, marrón oscuro y aterciopelado, con la raíz clara. El pelaje a nivel de la garganta es casi blanco; en general, da la apariencia de escarchado. El urotopagio es ancho y la cola revienta conspicuamente a nivel de la tercera parte de éste en la cara dorsal (Muñoz 2001). \n\nEl cráneo es relativamente es relativamente delgado, angosto y largo; la cresta sagital es débil y baja. Los incisivos superiores son muy desiguales; los centrales son grandes, anchos, en forma de paleta y están proyectados un poco hacia delante; los internos son mucho menores. Los incisivos inferiores son iguales. Los maloriformes tienen cúspides agudas hacia la parte labial (Goodwin y Greenhall 1961; Villa-R 1966 en Muñoz 2001). \n\nFD: 2/2 1/1 2/2 3/3; 2n: 32; FN: 60","ancillaryData":[{"mediaURL":[],"agent":[],"reference":[{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Muñóz, J."],"editors":[],"keywords":["Artibeus amplus,Artibeus jamaicensis,Artibeus lituratus,Artibeus obscurus,Carollia castanea,Carollia perspicillata,Glossophaga longirostris Miller 1898,Glossophaga soricina,Lonchorhina aurita,Micronycteris brachyotis,Micronycteris hirsuta (Peters 1869),Molossus molossus,Mormoops megalophylla (Peters 1864),Myotis albescens,Myotis nigricans,Myotis riparius,Phyllostomus discolor,Phyllostomus hastatus,Platyrrhinus helleri,Pteronotus parnellii (Gray 1843),Pteronotus personatus (Wagner 1843),Rhynchonycteris naso"],"year":"2001-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","institution":"","publisher":"Editorial Universidad de Antioquia","websites":"","chapter":"","series":"","pages":"391","issue":"","title":"Los Murciélagos de Colombia Sistemática, Distribución, Descripción, Historia Natural y Ecología","source":"","type":"book","tags":"Artibeus amplus,Artibeus jamaicensis,Artibeus lituratus,Artibeus obscurus,Carollia castanea,Carollia perspicillata,Glossophaga longirostris Miller 1898,Glossophaga soricina,Lonchorhina aurita,Micronycteris brachyotis,Micronycteris hirsuta (Peters 1869),Molossus molossus,Mormoops megalophylla (Peters 1864),Myotis albescens,Myotis nigricans,Myotis riparius,Phyllostomus discolor,Phyllostomus hastatus,Platyrrhinus helleri,Pteronotus parnellii (Gray 1843),Pteronotus personatus (Wagner 1843),Rhynchonycteris naso","group_id":"","profile_id":"","_id":"5762c4d7e1b68a831a82d08c","last_modified":null,"created":null}],"dataObject":"","additionalInformation":"","geoPoint":"","location":"","thumbnailURL":"","description":"","source":"","bibliographicCitation":"","rightsHolder":"","rights":"Clara Maria Pérez Gallego","license":"Atribución - No Comercial - Compartir igual (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)","mimeType":"","dataType":"","_id":"5762c4d7e1b68a831a82d08b","subject":[],"audience":[],"modified":null,"created":null}]},"id_record":"56c960aff0106c67230e7444","id_user":"sib+ac@humboldt.org.co","state":"accepted","element":"fullDescription","created":"2016-02-21T07:01:03.000Z"},"threatStatusApprovedInUse":{"_id":"65612711c6e55fb6c08c3017","created":"2023-11-24T22:43:29.000Z","state":"approved_in_use","element":"threatStatus","id_user":"sib+ac@humboldt.org.co","threatStatus":[{"_id":"65612711c6e55fb6c08c301c","threatStatusAtomized":{"threatCategory":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[],"measurementValue":"LC","measurementType":"UICN"},"_id":"65612711c6e55fb6c08c301d","authority":["UICN"],"apendiceCITES":[],"appliesTo":{"country":"GLOBAL"}}}],"id_record":"56c960aff0106c67230e7444","version":2,"__v":0},"threatStatusValue":"Preocupación menor (LC)","habitats_version":null,"imageInfo":{"mainImage":"https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/66847154/original.jpg","thumbnailImage":"https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/66847154/original.jpg","source":"","rightsHolder":"camilamartinezr","license":"CC BY-ND"}},{"originAtomized":{"exotic":false,"invasive":false},"_id":"56c96361f0106c67230e7445","creation_date":"2016-02-21T07:12:33.000Z","taxonRecordNameApprovedInUse":{"taxonRecordName":{"scientificName":{"canonicalName":{"simple":"Phyllostomus hastatus"},"canonicalAuthorship":{"simple":" (Pallas, 1767)"}}}},"scientificNameSimple":"Phyllostomus hastatus (Pallas, 1767)","commonNames":[{"language":"Inglés","name":"Greater Spear-nosed Bat"},{"language":"Alemán","name":"Große Lanzennase"}],"fullDescriptionApprovedInUse":{"_id":"5762c4d7e1b68a831a82d08d","__t":"FullDescriptionVersion","version":1,"fullDescription":{"_id":"5762c4d7e1b68a831a82d08e","fullDescriptionAtomized":[{"_id":"5762c4d7e1b68a831a82d08f"}],"fullDescriptionUnstructured":"Esta especie son ejemplares de tamaño muy grande. 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Pesan de 25 a 32 kg. El color del pelaje es café oscuro con manchas de color claro amarillento en el área del cuello. Estas manchas son de mayor tamaño en los machos que en las hembras. Los patrones de las manchas son específicos y pueden ser utilizados para identificar los individuos. Los dedos de las manos y pies están unidos por una membrana interdigital. Los ojos son grandes, de color café oscuro; las vibrisas son largas y el hocico redondo (Trujillo et al 2006).","ancillaryData":[{"mediaURL":[],"agent":[],"reference":[{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Trujillo, F.","Botello, J. C.","Carrasquilla, M. 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La rata noruega en la región dorsal el pelaje es de color café amarillento, siendo más oscuro en la zona media. La parte ventral es blanco, grisáceo o amarillenta, claramente demarcada de la parte dorsal. El pelaje es largo y grueso. El hocico es alargado, con vibrisas cortas y gruesas. Las orejas son pequeñas y desnudas  La cola es más corta que la longitud del cuerpo y la cabeza es robusta. Las patas son largas y gruesas (Nowak, 1991; Emmons y Feer, 1999).","ancillaryData":[{"mediaURL":[],"agent":[],"reference":[{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Nowak, R. 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Las crías son de ojos azules y presentan manchas de color café oscuro o negro, las  cuales empiezan a desaparecer al tercer o cuarto mes de vida.","ancillaryData":[]},"element":"fullDescription","created":"2017-09-05T06:15:52.000Z"},"threatStatusApprovedInUse":{"_id":"65612715c6e55fb6c08c32a8","created":"2023-11-24T22:43:33.000Z","state":"approved_in_use","element":"threatStatus","id_user":"sib+ac@humboldt.org.co","threatStatus":[{"_id":"65612715c6e55fb6c08c32ad","threatStatusAtomized":{"threatCategory":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[]},"_id":"65612715c6e55fb6c08c32ae","authority":[],"apendiceCITES":["II"]}},{"_id":"65612715c6e55fb6c08c32af","threatStatusAtomized":{"threatCategory":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[],"measurementValue":"LC","measurementType":"UICN"},"_id":"65612715c6e55fb6c08c32b0","authority":["UICN"],"apendiceCITES":[],"appliesTo":{"country":"GLOBAL"}}}],"id_record":"59ae40b31582a31515e9748f","version":2,"__v":0},"threatStatusValue":"","habitats_version":null,"imageInfo":{"mainImage":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/8th_Place_-_Mountain_Lion_%287487178290%29.jpg","thumbnailImage":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/8th_Place_-_Mountain_Lion_%287487178290%29.jpg","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=21102825","rightsHolder":"Slick-o-bot","license":"Public Domain"}},{"originAtomized":{"exotic":false,"invasive":false},"_id":"59ae45bc1582a31515e976d7","creation_date":"2017-09-05T06:35:40.000Z","taxonRecordNameApprovedInUse":{"taxonRecordName":{"scientificName":{"canonicalName":{"simple":"Platyrrhinus chocoensis"},"canonicalAuthorship":{"simple":"Alberico & Velasco, 1991"}}}},"scientificNameSimple":"Platyrrhinus chocoensis Alberico & Velasco, 1991","commonNames":[{"language":"Inglés","name":"Choco Broad-nosed Bat"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Choco Broad-nosed Bat"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"choco broad-nosed bat"}],"fullDescriptionApprovedInUse":{"_id":"59ae46931582a31515e976fa","__t":"FullDescriptionVersion","version":3,"id_record":"59ae45bc1582a31515e976d7","id_user":"edgarestebanhc@gmail.com","fullDescription":{"_id":"59ae46931582a31515e976fb","fullDescriptionAtomized":[],"fullDescriptionUnstructured":"El antebrazo mide entre 46-51 mm; incisivo superior mediano relativamente amplio y corto; pelaje ventral con bandas de dos colores, coloración dorsal relativamente pálida.\n\nSon de tamaño mediano, dorso marron oscuro, pelos del vientre bicolreados, lineas en rostro y la espalda tenues y poco pronunciadas, bordes de la membrana caudal con abundantes pelos cortos, dorso de la pata con pelos escasos y cortos (Alberico, 2000; Velazco,2005).","ancillaryData":[]},"element":"fullDescription","created":"2017-09-05T06:39:15.000Z"},"threatStatusApprovedInUse":{"_id":"656126ddc6e55fb6c08c0a70","created":"2023-11-24T22:42:37.000Z","state":"approved_in_use","element":"threatStatus","id_user":"sib+ac@humboldt.org.co","threatStatus":[{"_id":"656126ddc6e55fb6c08c0a75","threatStatusAtomized":{"threatCategory":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[],"measurementValue":"VU","measurementType":"UICN"},"_id":"656126ddc6e55fb6c08c0a76","authority":["UICN"],"apendiceCITES":[],"appliesTo":{"country":"GLOBAL"}}}],"id_record":"59ae45bc1582a31515e976d7","version":2,"__v":0},"threatStatusValue":"En peligro (EN)","habitats_version":null,"imageInfo":{"mainImage":"https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/178384761/original.jpeg","thumbnailImage":"https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/178384761/original.jpeg","source":"","rightsHolder":"Milan Pestalozzi","license":"CC BY-NC"}},{"originAtomized":{"exotic":false,"invasive":false},"_id":"59ae48b61582a31515e9775c","creation_date":"2017-09-05T06:48:22.000Z","taxonRecordNameApprovedInUse":{"taxonRecordName":{"scientificName":{"canonicalName":{"simple":"Nephelomys meridensis"},"canonicalAuthorship":{"simple":" (Thomas, 1894)"}}}},"scientificNameSimple":"Nephelomys meridensis (Thomas, 1894)","fullDescriptionApprovedInUse":{"_id":"59ae48de1582a31515e97766","__t":"FullDescriptionVersion","version":1,"id_record":"59ae48b61582a31515e9775c","id_user":"edgarestebanhc@gmail.com","fullDescription":{"_id":"59ae48de1582a31515e97767","fullDescriptionAtomized":[],"fullDescriptionUnstructured":"Se caracteriza por presentar un tamaño corporal medio con una longitud cabeza-cuerpo de 132 a 168 mm y una cola larga (147 a 183 mm) que excede el tamaño corporal. La cola es escasamente peluda y unicolor, aunque a veces se observa ligeramente bicoloreada (Percequillo, 2015; Villamizar-Ramírez et al., 2017). Las vibrisas mistaciales son densas y largas superando la punta de las orejas. Las patas posteriores son largas (30-36 mm), ligeramente peludas dorsalmente y ventralmente son desnudas con 4 cojinetes interdigitales y 2 tarsales; las garras están cubiertas por penachos blancos que las sobrepasan (Rivas, 1997; Percequillo, 2015).\n\nEn adultos el pelaje es bicoloreado, con el dorsal abundante y largo de color marrón con puntas ocres, mientras que el ventral es gris con puntas blancas y presenta parches pectorales blancos (parches axilares e inguinales raramente presentes); en los jóvenes el pelaje es unicolor, disperso y de color gris oscuro (Percequillo, 2015; Villamizar-Ramírez et al., 2017).\n\nPresenta dimorfismo sexual, con los machos más grandes que las hembras en longitud total y peso (Villamizar-Ramírez et al., 2017).\n\nEl cráneo es de tamaño medio (longitud mayor 32,4-37,0 mm); la región interorbitaria es ligeramente convergente posteriormente o simétricamente constreñida (forma de reloj de arena), con márgenes supraorbitales redondeados o ligeramente rebordeados posteriormente; las fosas palatales posterolaterales son numerosas y situadas en fosas palatinas superficiales a profundas (Percequillo, 2015).","ancillaryData":[]},"element":"fullDescription","created":"2017-09-05T06:49:02.000Z"},"threatStatusApprovedInUse":{"_id":"65612734c6e55fb6c08c49de","created":"2023-11-24T22:44:04.000Z","state":"approved_in_use","element":"threatStatus","id_user":"sib+ac@humboldt.org.co","threatStatus":[{"_id":"65612734c6e55fb6c08c49e3","threatStatusAtomized":{"threatCategory":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[],"measurementValue":"LC","measurementType":"UICN"},"_id":"65612734c6e55fb6c08c49e4","authority":["UICN"],"apendiceCITES":[],"appliesTo":{"country":"GLOBAL"}}}],"id_record":"59ae48b61582a31515e9775c","version":2,"__v":0},"threatStatusValue":"Preocupación menor (LC)","habitats_version":null,"imageInfo":{"mainImage":"https://images.phylopic.org/images/f5a1e1c8-02ae-4d83-8a54-1f41ae7204b4/raster/1024x559.png","thumbnailImage":"https://images.phylopic.org/images/f5a1e1c8-02ae-4d83-8a54-1f41ae7204b4/raster/1024x559.png","source":"https://www.phylopic.org/images/f5a1e1c8-02ae-4d83-8a54-1f41ae7204b4","rightsHolder":"Gabriela Palomo-Munoz","license":"CC BY-NC"}},{"originAtomized":{"exotic":false,"invasive":false},"_id":"59aebc081582a31515e979c2","creation_date":"2017-09-05T15:00:24.000Z","taxonRecordNameApprovedInUse":{"taxonRecordName":{"scientificName":{"canonicalName":{"simple":"Trichechus manatus"},"canonicalAuthorship":{"simple":"Linnaeus, 1758"}}}},"scientificNameSimple":"Trichechus manatus Linnaeus, 1758","commonNames":[{"language":"Inglés","name":"Caribbean manatee"},{"language":"Español","name":"Manatí del Caribe"},{"language":"Español","name":"Manata del Caribe"},{"name":"Nagel-Manati"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"West Indian Manatee"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Manatee"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"North American Manatee"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"American Manatee"},{"language":"French","name":"Lamantin d'Amérique du nord"},{"language":"French","name":"Lamantin des Caraïbes"},{"language":"French","name":"Lamantin des Antilles"},{"language":"Español","name":"Lamantino norteamericano"},{"language":"Español","name":"Manatí norteamericano"},{"language":"Español","name":"Manatí"},{"language":"Español","name":"Vaca marina"},{"language":"Español","name":"Manatí de las Antillas"}],"fullDescriptionApprovedInUse":{"_id":"607dba458a70f2147ab96737","__t":"FullDescriptionVersion","version":7,"id_record":"59aebc081582a31515e979c2","id_user":"sib@humboldt.org.co","fullDescription":{"_id":"59aebc591582a31515e97a43","fullDescriptionAtomized":[],"fullDescriptionUnstructured":"El orden Sirenia posee dos familias vivientes, Trichechidae y Dugongidae. La familia Dugongidae solo tiene un género y una especie marina viviente, Dugong dugon (dugong), el cual se encuentra en las costas del Indo Pacífico e Hydrodamalis gigas (vaca marina de Steller), extinta en 1741 en los mares de Bering (Reynolds y Odell, 1991). La familia Trichechidae posee un sólo género, Trichechus, representado por tres especies con distribución tropical y subtropical: Trichechus senegalensis o manatí del África Occidental, que ocupa hábitats marinos, dulceacuícolas y estuarinos, desde el área del río Senegal hasta la boca del río Cuanza en Angola; Trichechus inunguis o manatí del Amazonas, restringido a las áreas dulceacuícolas de los ríos de la cuenca del Amazonas y Trichechus manatus (Manatí antillano), esta última especie se subdivide en dos subespecies identificadas básicamente por características craniométricas (Domning y Hayek 1986). Posiblemente la profundidad del agua y las fuertes corrientes del estrecho de Florida, son barreras efectivas para el intercambio genético entre las poblaciones de la subespecie del manatí de Florida Trichechus manatus latirostris, y la subespecie de latitudes mas bajas o manatí antillano o manatí del Caribe, Trichechus manatus manatus (Hatt 1934; Husar, 1977; Domning y Hayek, 1986; Mou y Chen, 1990). Sin embargo, recientes estudios genéticos muestran que la especie contiene tres poblaciones diferenciadas por haplotipos propios: 1) la de Florida y las Antillas Mayores, 2) el Golfo de México occidental y meridional, Centroamérica y NW América del Sur al oeste de las Antillas Menores, y 3) NE Sudamérica al este de las Antillas Menores (García-Rodríguez et al. 1998, Vianna et al., 2006). Existe evidencia de hibridación con T. inunguis cerca de la desembocadura del Amazonas, Guyana, Guayana Francesa y posiblemente Suriname.\n\nEl manatí se caracteriza por tener el cuerpo robusto y de forma cilíndrica con una aleta caudal amplia y comprimida dorso-ventralmente. Las aletas pectorales poseen 3 ó 4 uñas en el extremo distal. El hocico es cuadriforme, cubierto de pelos gruesos sensoriales y con labios suaves y bastante móviles; las fosas nasales ubicadas en la parte superior se cierran como válvulas cuando el animal se sumerge. La piel está cubierta por pelos finos y separados, es de color gris pálido a café en adultos y más oscura en las crías. El tamaño parece variar entre regiones geográficas, encontrándose un rango entre 2,5 y 4,5 m con pesos de 200 a 600 kg, que en casos extremos llega a los 1600 kg. Las hembras presentan una glándula mamaria debajo de cada aleta pectoral (Caldwell y Caldwell 1989).","ancillaryData":[{"mediaURL":[],"agent":[],"reference":[{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Domning, Daryl P","Hayek, Lee‐Ann C"],"editors":[],"keywords":["Trichechus inunguis,Trichechus manatus"],"year":"1986-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","profile_id":"","group_id":"","abstract":"","tags":"Trichechus inunguis,Trichechus manatus","type":"article","source":"Marine Mammal Science","title":"Interspecific and intraspecific morphological variation in manatees (Sirenia: Trichechus)","volume":"2","issue":"","pages":"87--144","series":"","chapter":"","websites":"","accessed":"","publisher":"Wiley Online Library","address":"","institution":"","issn":"1748-7692","_id":"59ff2b21b255d98254bc985b","last_modified":null,"created":null},{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Hatt, R T"],"editors":[],"keywords":["Trichechus manatus"],"year":"1934-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","profile_id":"","group_id":"","abstract":"","tags":"Trichechus manatus","type":"article","source":"Bull. 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San José, Costa Rica: Unión Internacional para la Naturaleza/Oficina Regional para Centroamerica. 59 p","issue":"","series":"","chapter":"","websites":"","accessed":"","publisher":"Spanish","address":"","institution":"","_id":"59ff2b21b255d98254bc982d","last_modified":null,"created":null},{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Vianna, Juliana A","Bonde, Robert K","Caballero, Susana","Giraldo, Juan Pablo","Lima, Régis P","Clark, Annmarie","Marmontel, Míriam","MORALES‐VELA, BENJAMÍN","De Souza, Maria JosÉ","Parr, Leslee"],"editors":[],"keywords":["Trichechus inunguis,Trichechus manatus"],"year":"2006-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","profile_id":"","group_id":"","abstract":"","tags":"Trichechus inunguis,Trichechus manatus","type":"article","source":"Molecular ecology","title":"Phylogeography, phylogeny and hybridization in trichechid sirenians: implications for manatee conservation","volume":"15","issue":"","pages":"433--447","series":"","chapter":"","websites":"","accessed":"","publisher":"Wiley Online Library","address":"","institution":"","issn":"1365-294X","_id":"59ff2b21b255d98254bc9851","last_modified":null,"created":null},{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Garcia‐Rodriguez, A I","Bowen, B W","Domning, D","Mignucci‐Giannoni, A A","Marmontel, M","Montoya‐Ospina, R A","Morales‐Vela, B","Rudin, M","Bonde, R K","McGuire, P M"],"editors":[],"keywords":["Trichechus inunguis,Trichechus manatus"],"year":"1998-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","profile_id":"","group_id":"","abstract":"","tags":"Trichechus inunguis,Trichechus manatus","type":"article","source":"Molecular Ecology","title":"Phylogeography of the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus): how many populations and how many taxa?","volume":"7","issue":"","pages":"1137--1149","series":"","chapter":"","websites":"","accessed":"","publisher":"Wiley Online Library","address":"","institution":"","issn":"1365-294X","_id":"59ff2b21b255d98254bc985c","last_modified":null,"created":null},{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Caldwell, D K","Caldwell, M C"],"editors":[],"keywords":["Trichechus manatus"],"year":"1989-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","profile_id":"","group_id":"","abstract":"","tags":"Trichechus manatus","type":"book_section","source":"Handbook of marine mammals","title":"Manatees: Trichechus manatas Linnaeus 1758, Trichechus senegalensis Link 1795 and Trichechus inunguis (Natterer 1883)","issue":"","pages":"33--66","series":"","chapter":"","websites":"","accessed":"","publisher":"Academic Press, London","address":"","institution":"","_id":"59ff2b21b255d98254bc9848","last_modified":null,"created":null}],"dataType":"","mimeType":"","created":null,"modified":null,"title":"","license":"Atribución - 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Su pelaje es corto y suave, en la parte ventral es blanco y en el dorso varía de rojizo-amarillo a gris rojizo, con manchas o franjas negras. Igualmente en sus costados presenta machas negras a manera de puntos o rosetas. La longitud de su cabeza y cuerpo es de 650 a 970 mm, longitud de la cola 270-450mm, longitud del pie 12-15mm, longitud de la oreja 14-23mm, longitud del antebrazo 39-44mm, peso 8.5-16 kg (Murray & Gardner, 1997; Nowell & Jackson, 1996).\nPresentan dos rayas negras en las mejillas, las orejas suelen ser negras con una mancha blanca central en su parte dorsal y una o dos barras de color negro transversal en el interior de las extremidades. Su cola presenta anillos que se encuentran marcados solo en la superficie dorsal y sus extremidades delanteras son ligeramente más largas que las traseras (Murray & Gardner, 1997).\n\nLa fórmula dental es i 3/3, c 1/1, p 2-3/2, m 1/1, total 28-30.","ancillaryData":[{"mediaURL":[],"agent":[],"reference":[{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Murray, Julie L","Gardner, Gregory L"],"editors":[],"keywords":["Leopardus pardalis"],"year":"1997-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","profile_id":"","group_id":"","abstract":"","tags":"Leopardus pardalis","type":"article","source":"Mammalian species","title":"Leopardus pardalis","issue":"","pages":"1--10","series":"","chapter":"","websites":"","accessed":"","publisher":"Oxford University Press","address":"","institution":"","issn":"0076-3519","_id":"59e35a725f36934344306011","last_modified":null,"created":null},{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Nowell, Kristin","Jackson, Peter"],"editors":[],"keywords":["Leopardus pardalis"],"year":"1996-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","profile_id":"","group_id":"","abstract":"","tags":"Leopardus pardalis","type":"book","source":"","title":"Wild cats: status survey and conservation action plan","volume":"382","issue":"","series":"","chapter":"","websites":"","accessed":"","publisher":"IUCN Gland","address":"","institution":"","_id":"59e35a725f36934344306010","last_modified":null,"created":null}],"dataType":"","mimeType":"","created":null,"modified":null,"title":"","license":"Atribución - No Comercial - Compartir igual (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)","rights":"","rightsHolder":"","bibliographicCitation":"","source":"","description":"","thumbnailURL":"","location":"","geoPoint":"","additionalInformation":"","dataObject":"","_id":"6021a6e56dd088cf50a6c5b2","subject":[],"audience":[]}]},"element":"fullDescription","created":"2021-02-08T21:02:29.000Z"},"habitats_version":null,"imageInfo":{"mainImage":"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Ocelot.jpg","thumbnailImage":"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Ocelot.jpg","source":"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ocelot.jpg","rightsHolder":"Tom Smylie","license":"Public Domain"},"threatStatusApprovedInUse":{"_id":"65612682c6e55fb6c08bc7c2","created":"2023-11-24T22:41:06.000Z","state":"approved_in_use","element":"threatStatus","id_user":"sib+ac@humboldt.org.co","threatStatus":[{"_id":"65612682c6e55fb6c08bc7c7","threatStatusAtomized":{"threatCategory":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[]},"_id":"65612682c6e55fb6c08bc7c8","authority":[],"apendiceCITES":["I"]}},{"_id":"65612682c6e55fb6c08bc7c9","threatStatusAtomized":{"threatCategory":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[],"measurementValue":"LC","measurementType":"UICN"},"_id":"65612682c6e55fb6c08bc7ca","authority":["UICN"],"apendiceCITES":[],"appliesTo":{"country":"GLOBAL"}}}],"id_record":"59aec14f1582a31515e97be0","version":1,"__v":0}},{"originAtomized":{"exotic":false,"invasive":false},"_id":"59aeceb11582a31515e97de4","creation_date":"2017-09-05T16:20:01.000Z","taxonRecordNameApprovedInUse":{"taxonRecordName":{"scientificName":{"canonicalName":{"simple":"Lontra longicaudis"},"canonicalAuthorship":{"simple":" (Olfers, 1818)"}}}},"scientificNameSimple":"Lontra longicaudis (Olfers, 1818)","commonNames":[{"language":"Inglés","name":"Neotropical Otter"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Neotropical Otter"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Neotropical Otter"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Neotropical otter"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"long-tailed otter"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"neotropical river otter"},{"name":"neotropical river otter"},{"language":"French","name":"Loutre de La Plata"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Neotropical Otter"},{"language":"Swedish","name":"neotropisk flodutter"},{"language":"Español","name":"Lobito del Plata"},{"language":"Español","name":"Gato de agua"},{"language":"Swedish","name":"centralamerikansk utter"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Long-tailed Otter"},{"language":"Italian","name":"Lontra a coda lunga del C. e S. 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Su cuerpo es alargado y estrecho.  La parte dorsal presenta un pelaje de color marrón oscuro, de aspecto denso y  brilloso, la parte ventral es marrón-blancuzca. . Cuando se encuentra en tierra la espalda es arqueada. La cabeza es chata y más pequeñas que el cuello. El labio superior, mandíbula y garganta es amarillo blanquecino. Las orejas son pequeñas y redondeadas. Ojos pequeños y de color negro. La cola es larga, ancha y se afina hacia la punta. Las extremidades anteriores y posteriores son cortas, con cinco dedos y membranas interdigitales. Posee glándulas anales que tienen un papel importante en comunicación olfativa.","ancillaryData":[]},"element":"fullDescription","created":"2017-09-05T21:12:14.000Z"},"threatStatusApprovedInUse":{"_id":"65612685c6e55fb6c08bc963","created":"2023-11-24T22:41:09.000Z","state":"approved_in_use","element":"threatStatus","id_user":"sib+ac@humboldt.org.co","threatStatus":[{"_id":"65612685c6e55fb6c08bc968","threatStatusAtomized":{"threatCategory":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[]},"_id":"65612685c6e55fb6c08bc969","authority":[],"apendiceCITES":["I"]}},{"_id":"65612685c6e55fb6c08bc96a","threatStatusAtomized":{"threatCategory":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[],"measurementValue":"NT","measurementType":"UICN"},"_id":"65612685c6e55fb6c08bc96b","authority":["UICN"],"apendiceCITES":[],"appliesTo":{"country":"GLOBAL"}}},{"_id":"65612685c6e55fb6c08bc96c","threatStatusAtomized":{"threatCategory":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[],"measurementValue":"VU","measurementType":"MADS"},"_id":"65612685c6e55fb6c08bc96d","authority":["MINISTERIO DE AMBIENTE Y DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE"],"apendiceCITES":[],"appliesTo":{"country":"Nacional"}}}],"id_record":"59aeceb11582a31515e97de4","version":2,"__v":0},"threatStatusValue":"","habitats_version":{"_id":"65612685c6e55fb6c08bc963","created":"2023-11-24T22:41:09.000Z","state":"approved_in_use","element":"habitats","id_user":"sib+ac@humboldt.org.co","habitats":{"_id":"65612685c6e55fb6c08bc96f","habitatAtomized":[{"_id":"65612685c6e55fb6c08bc970","measurementOrFact":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[],"_id":"65612685c6e55fb6c08bc971","measurementValue":"Humedales_Ciénagas"}}]},"id_record":"59aeceb11582a31515e97de4","version":1,"__v":0},"imageInfo":{"mainImage":"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Lontra_longicaudis_2.jpeg","thumbnailImage":"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Lontra_longicaudis_2.jpeg","source":"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lontra_longicaudis_2.jpeg","rightsHolder":"© 2006 Carla Antonini","license":"CC BY-SA"}},{"originAtomized":{"exotic":false,"invasive":false},"_id":"59af07331582a31515e980b0","creation_date":"2017-09-05T20:21:07.000Z","taxonRecordNameApprovedInUse":{"taxonRecordName":{"scientificName":{"canonicalName":{"simple":"Rhinophylla alethina"},"canonicalAuthorship":{"simple":"Handley, 1966"}}}},"scientificNameSimple":"Rhinophylla alethina Handley, 1966","commonNames":[{"language":"Inglés","name":"Hairy Little Fruit Bat"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"hairy little fruit bat"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"hairy little fruit bat"}],"habitats_version":null,"imageInfo":{"mainImage":"https://multimedia20stg.blob.core.windows.net/especimenes/2073pieldorsalra.jpg","thumbnailImage":"https://multimedia20stg.blob.core.windows.net/especimenes/2073pieldorsalra.jpg","source":"","rightsHolder":"Andrea Caicedo Luna","license":"CC BY-NC-ND"},"threatStatusApprovedInUse":{"_id":"656126e0c6e55fb6c08c0d68","created":"2023-11-24T22:42:40.000Z","state":"approved_in_use","element":"threatStatus","id_user":"sib+ac@humboldt.org.co","threatStatus":[{"_id":"656126e0c6e55fb6c08c0d6d","threatStatusAtomized":{"threatCategory":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[],"measurementValue":"NT","measurementType":"UICN"},"_id":"656126e0c6e55fb6c08c0d6e","authority":["UICN"],"apendiceCITES":[],"appliesTo":{"country":"GLOBAL"}}}],"id_record":"59af07331582a31515e980b0","version":1,"__v":0}},{"_id":"59af10e51582a31515e9814c","creation_date":"2017-09-05T21:02:29.000Z","taxonRecordNameApprovedInUse":{"taxonRecordName":{"scientificName":{"canonicalName":{"simple":"Marmosa isthmica"},"canonicalAuthorship":{"simple":""}}}},"scientificNameSimple":"Marmosa isthmica","commonNames":[{"language":"Español","name":"Chucha mantequera de Goldman"},{"language":"Español","name":"Chucha mantequera de Panamá"}],"fullDescriptionApprovedInUse":{"_id":"602b114620b7a6b543a5e19d","__t":"FullDescriptionVersion","version":8,"id_record":"59af10e51582a31515e9814c","id_user":"sib@humboldt.org.co","fullDescription":{"_id":"59af2ec71582a31515e983d0","fullDescriptionAtomized":[],"fullDescriptionUnstructured":"Una especie de tamaño medio entre las especies de Marmosa, longitud de cabeza y cuerpo entre 10 y 20 cm, con cola entre 15 y 25 cm; pelaje dorsal anaranjado oscuro, ligeramente más pálido hacia los lados; esta coloración se extiende a la cabeza, donde la región entre los ojos es más pálida y contrasta con los lados de la cara; el antifaz es negro y bien definido, pero no alcanza posteriormente la base de las orejas. Ligero contraste entre el pelaje dorsal y ventral; la región ventral amarillento a anaranjado pálido, formando una banda central con pelos de color entero desde la barbilla al ano. El pelaje dorsal se extiende sobre la base de la cola por 1-1,7 cm; la cola es parduzca, de aspecto lustroso y más pálida ventralmente, con pelos caudales muy cortos, escamas pequeñas en disposición espiral. Una glándula gular está presente en machos. La hembra no posee un marsupio; glándulas mamarias se presentan solo abdominalmente, seis pares y una impar central. Proceso rostral de la premaxila se extiende notoriamente, sin fenestras palatinas desarrolladas; procesos supraorbitales poco notorios (Rossi 2005, Voss y Jansa 2009, Rossi et al. 2010).  Similar a otras especies en el género y la familia, la formula dental es 5/4-1/1,3/3,4/4 (Voss y Jansa 2009, Voss et al. 2014).","ancillaryData":[{"mediaURL":[],"agent":[],"reference":[{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Rossi, R. 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The species in Tate´s ´mexicana´ and ´mitis´ sections and other closely related forms","volume":"334","issue":"","pages":"1-83","series":"","chapter":"","websites":"","accessed":"","publisher":"","address":"","edition":"","institution":"","doi":"","isbn":"","issn":"","link":"","_id":"59af2ec71582a31515e983d3","last_modified":null,"created":null}],"dataType":"","mimeType":"","created":null,"modified":null,"title":"","license":"Atribución - No Comercial - Compartir igual (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)","rights":"","rightsHolder":"Sociedad Colombiana de Mastozoología","bibliographicCitation":"","source":"","description":"","thumbnailURL":"","location":"","geoPoint":"","additionalInformation":"","dataObject":"","_id":"59af2ec71582a31515e983d2","subject":[],"audience":[]}]},"element":"fullDescription","created":"2021-02-16T00:26:46.000Z"}},{"originAtomized":{"exotic":false,"invasive":false},"_id":"59af317b1582a31515e987ba","creation_date":"2017-09-05T23:21:31.000Z","taxonRecordNameApprovedInUse":{"taxonRecordName":{"scientificName":{"canonicalName":{"simple":"Marmosa isthmica"},"canonicalAuthorship":{"simple":""}}}},"scientificNameSimple":"Marmosa isthmica","habitats_version":null,"imageInfo":{"mainImage":"https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/108084081/large.jpg","thumbnailImage":"https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/108084081/large.jpg","source":"","rightsHolder":"andreacjimenez","license":"CC BY-NC"},"threatStatusApprovedInUse":null},{"originAtomized":{"exotic":false,"invasive":false},"_id":"59af33c71582a31515e988be","creation_date":"2017-09-05T23:31:19.000Z","taxonRecordNameApprovedInUse":{"taxonRecordName":{"scientificName":{"canonicalName":{"simple":"Galictis vittata"},"canonicalAuthorship":{"simple":" (Schreber, 1776)"}}}},"scientificNameSimple":"Galictis vittata (Schreber, 1776)","commonNames":[{"language":"Inglés","name":"Greater Grison"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Greater Grison"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Greater Grison"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Greater Grison"},{"name":"Greater grison"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"greater grison"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"greater grison"},{"language":"Danish","name":"grison"},{"language":"German","name":"Großer Grison"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Greater Grison"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Allamand's Grison"},{"language":"Finnish","name":"Isogrisoni"},{"language":"French","name":"Grison"},{"language":"French","name":"Grison d'Allemand"},{"language":"Italian","name":"Grigione maggiore"},{"language":"Español","name":"Grisón"},{"language":"Español","name":"Tejón"},{"language":"Español","name":"Hurón"},{"language":"Español","name":"Hurón grange"},{"language":"Swedish","name":"grison"},{"language":"Dutch; Flemish","name":"Grison"}],"fullDescriptionApprovedInUse":{"_id":"59e22a995f36934344304023","__t":"FullDescriptionVersion","version":1,"id_record":"59af33c71582a31515e988be","id_user":"edgarestebanhc@gmail.com","fullDescription":{"_id":"59e22a995f36934344304024","fullDescriptionAtomized":[],"fullDescriptionUnstructured":"Es uno de los mustélidos terrestres mediano, posee cuerpo alargado y delgado, extremidades y cola cortas con patas negras y dedos unidos por una membrana que cubre casi hasta la base de la última falange. \n\nEl pelaje dorsal es largo y varía entre gris pálido hasta marrón oscuro; pelaje ventral contrastante, negro en la parte anterior y entremezclado de gris en la parte posterior (Calderón-Capote et al., 2015). \n\nLa cabeza es pequeña y plana con orejas poco visibles de coloración blanca, la coronilla es gris y en la frente tiene una banda blanca arriba de los ojos que va a través de las orejas y en dirección a los costados del cuello. Hocico, mentón, cuello y pecho negros (Yensen y Tarifa, 2003).","ancillaryData":[]},"element":"fullDescription","created":"2017-10-14T15:17:45.000Z"},"threatStatusApprovedInUse":{"_id":"65612676c6e55fb6c08bc035","created":"2023-11-24T22:40:54.000Z","state":"approved_in_use","element":"threatStatus","id_user":"sib+ac@humboldt.org.co","threatStatus":[{"_id":"65612676c6e55fb6c08bc03a","threatStatusAtomized":{"threatCategory":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[],"measurementValue":"LC","measurementType":"UICN"},"_id":"65612676c6e55fb6c08bc03b","authority":["UICN"],"apendiceCITES":[],"appliesTo":{"country":"GLOBAL"}}}],"id_record":"59af33c71582a31515e988be","version":3,"__v":0},"threatStatusValue":"","habitats_version":null,"imageInfo":{"mainImage":"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Greater_grison.jpg","thumbnailImage":"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Greater_grison.jpg","source":"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Greater_grison.jpg","rightsHolder":"Tony Hisgett","license":"CC BY"}},{"originAtomized":{"exotic":false,"invasive":false},"_id":"59c6fc365f369343442f7449","creation_date":"2017-09-24T00:28:38.000Z","taxonRecordNameApprovedInUse":{"taxonRecordName":{"scientificName":{"canonicalName":{"simple":"Rhynchonycteris naso"},"canonicalAuthorship":{"simple":" (Wied-Neuwied, 1820)"}}}},"scientificNameSimple":"Rhynchonycteris naso (Wied-Neuwied, 1820)","commonNames":[{"language":"Inglés","name":"Proboscis Bat"},{"language":"Español","name":"Murciélaguito narigón"},{"language":"Español","name":"Murciélago de trompa"},{"language":"Español","name":"Murciélago narigudo"}],"fullDescriptionApprovedInUse":{"_id":"59dc20665f369343442ffb95","__t":"FullDescriptionVersion","version":3,"id_record":"59c6fc365f369343442f7449","id_user":"edgarestebanhc@gmail.com","fullDescription":{"_id":"59c73c535f369343442f74d8","fullDescriptionAtomized":[],"fullDescriptionUnstructured":"De tamaño pequeño. Trompa alargada. La parte dorsal es color marrón grisáceo con dos franjas blanquecinas tenues. La parte ventral es de color pardo opaco con tonalidades grisáceas. El pelaje es suave y denso. Presenta mechones de pelo blancos a grises sobre el antebrazo. Los patagios y las orejas son de color café oscuro. El calcar es más largo que la tibia. No tiene sacos glandulares en el antebrazo ni en el uropatagio. Presenta un baculum grande en comparación con las demás especies de emballonuridos (0.8mm). Sus medidas externas son: Longitud total 56.48-59.18mm, longitud de la cola 15.39-16.84mm, longitud del pie 7.18-7.45mm, longitud de la oreja 13.20-13.63mm, longitud del trago 3mm, longitud del antebrazo 36.87-38.57mm, peso 3.80-3.99g. La fosa basiesfenoidea no está dividida por septo. Los procesos postorbitales están bien desarrollados y son ligeramente recurvados.  El lagrimal es ligeramente inflado. La bula auditiva es relativamente grande. El premolar anterior superior tiene forma de espícula. El M3 tiene un metacono bien desarrollado con tres comisuras. M1 tiene una cúspide anterior externa distinta del parastilo. Las medidas craneales son: longitud mayor del cráneo: 11.4-12.0, longitud condilobasal: 10.1-10.6, anchura zigomatica: 6.7-7.1, anchura de la caja craneana: 5.8-6.2, altura de la caja craneana: 5.2-5.4, anchura mastoidea: 6.3-6.6, constricción postorbital: 2.3-2.5, anchura mayor entre los molares: 4.8-4.5, longitud mandibular: 4.3-4.5, serie dental superior: 4.2-4.4. La fórmula dental es i 1/3, c 1/1, p 2/2, m 3/3, total 32 (Plumpton & Jones, 1992).","ancillaryData":[{"mediaURL":[],"agent":[],"reference":[{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Plumpton, D. & K. 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En algunas ocasiones, esta especie puede ser confundida con la taira (Eira barbara), pero las manchas ocre en la cara y cuello de la taira, así como su cola más corta y de apariencia esponjada permiten diferenciarlo. Aunque algunos individuos pueden presentar coloración similar a la de puma (Puma concolor), el menor tamaño y patas proporcionalmente más cortas del yaguarundí diferencias estas dos especies.\nEl yaguarundí presenta un peso de entre 3.5 y 7.6 kg, con una longitud cabeza cuerpo de entre 50 y 83 cm y cola 28-61 cm, lo que lo hace el segundo felino más grande del ensamblaje de pequeños felinos neotropicales después del ocelote (Leopardus pardalis). Su coloración uniforme presenta dos variedades, la oscura, que va de negro a gris ceniza y la clara que va de pardo claro a oscuro. A pesar de la falta de manchas, algunos individuos pueden presentar una coloración anterior más clara o una banda oscura dorsal.\nAdemás de su coloración y tamaño, el yaguarundí es característico por su apariencia esbelta, con la cabeza y cuello alargados y cola larga (aproximadamente dos tercios de la longitud cabeza-cuerpo). Las patas son relativamente cortas. Las orejas son pequeñas y redondeadas.\nEl cráneo alargado y dorsoventralmente aplanado en comparación con el de otros felinos, así como la bula auditiva estrecha, son características diagnósticas.","ancillaryData":[]},"element":"fullDescription","created":"2017-10-05T01:56:53.000Z"},"threatStatusApprovedInUse":null,"threatStatusValue":"Preocupación menor (LC)","habitats_version":null,"imageInfo":{"mainImage":"https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/83401845/original.jpg","thumbnailImage":"https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/83401845/original.jpg","source":"","rightsHolder":"gabriel_arroyo","license":"CC BY-NC"}},{"originAtomized":{"exotic":false,"invasive":false},"_id":"59d06c9b5f369343442f7b90","creation_date":"2017-10-01T04:18:35.000Z","taxonRecordNameApprovedInUse":{"taxonRecordName":{"scientificName":{"canonicalName":{"simple":"Vampyrum spectrum"},"canonicalAuthorship":{"simple":" (Linnaeus, 1758)"}}}},"scientificNameSimple":"Vampyrum spectrum (Linnaeus, 1758)","commonNames":[{"name":"Linnaeus' False Vampire Bat"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Spectral Bat"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Spectral Bat"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Spectral Bat"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"spectral bat"}],"fullDescriptionApprovedInUse":{"_id":"59d06d165f369343442f7baa","__t":"FullDescriptionVersion","version":2,"id_record":"59d06c9b5f369343442f7b90","id_user":"edgarestebanhc@gmail.com","fullDescription":{"_id":"59d06d165f369343442f7bab","fullDescriptionAtomized":[],"fullDescriptionUnstructured":"Longitud de cabeza y cuerpo 140-158 mm., longitud del antebrazo 90-115 mm., longitud de la oreja 39-42 mm., longitud del pie 30-32 mm., peso 135-230 g. Es el murciélago más grande del Neotrópico, puede llegar a medir hasta 900 mm de envergadura (Albuja, 1999; Williams & Genoways, 2008). \n\nPresenta una coloración pardo-rojiza en su dorso y amarillento más claro en el vientre. El pelaje es largo extendiéndose hasta la mitad del antebrazo. La cabeza es larga con el hocico comprimido y estrecho. El rostro tiene apariencia desnuda, el reborde nasolabial es muy desarrollado y proyectado hacia afuera (Albuja, 1999; Nogueira, Peracchi, & Moratelli, 2007).\n\nLas orejas son largas y redondeadas. La hoja nasal es larga midiendo en promedio hasta 17 mm. La membrana interfemoral es larga y ancha, no tiene cola y presenta un calcáneo largo, poco más grande que el pie (Navarro & Wilson, 1982; Albuja, 1999; Nogueira et al., 2007; Williams & Genoways, 2008; Díaz et al., 2016).\n\nPresenta un cráneo macizo y alargado con una cresta sagital bien desarrollada (Navarro & Wilson, 1982; Williams & Genoways, 2008). Su dentición es robusta, con caninos prominentes y puntiagudos (Tirira, 2008). Los incisivos superiores internos son cortos y anchos, con las puntas biseladas, mientras que los incisivos externos son pequeños y están ligeramente salidos hacia delante de la línea dentaria (Tirira, 2008).\n\nLos incisivos inferiores forman una línea continua entre los caninos. El primer premolar superior evidencia una cúspide corta. Los molares superiores, son estrechos y tienen cúspides largas y agudas, en forma de W, el último molar carece de cúspides (Godwin & Greenhall, 1961; Navarro & Wilson, 1982).\n\nLa fórmula dental es I= 2/2, C= 1/1, PM= 2/3, M 3/3. (34 Dientes en total) (Nogueira et al., 2007).","ancillaryData":[]},"element":"fullDescription","created":"2017-10-01T04:20:38.000Z"},"threatStatusApprovedInUse":{"_id":"656126acc6e55fb6c08be659","created":"2023-11-24T22:41:48.000Z","state":"approved_in_use","element":"threatStatus","id_user":"sib+ac@humboldt.org.co","threatStatus":[{"_id":"656126acc6e55fb6c08be65e","threatStatusAtomized":{"threatCategory":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[],"measurementValue":"NT","measurementType":"UICN"},"_id":"656126acc6e55fb6c08be65f","authority":["UICN"],"apendiceCITES":[],"appliesTo":{"country":"GLOBAL"}}}],"id_record":"59d06c9b5f369343442f7b90","version":2,"__v":0},"threatStatusValue":"Casi amenazado (NT)","habitats_version":null,"imageInfo":{"mainImage":"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Grosse_Vampirfledermaus-drawing.jpg","thumbnailImage":"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Grosse_Vampirfledermaus-drawing.jpg","source":"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Grosse_Vampirfledermaus-drawing.jpg","rightsHolder":"","license":"Public Domain"}},{"originAtomized":{"exotic":false,"invasive":false},"_id":"59d073445f369343442f7d20","creation_date":"2017-10-01T04:47:00.000Z","taxonRecordNameApprovedInUse":{"taxonRecordName":{"scientificName":{"canonicalName":{"simple":"Aotus lemurinus"},"canonicalAuthorship":{"simple":""}}}},"scientificNameSimple":"Aotus lemurinus","commonNames":[{"language":"Español","name":"Marteja"},{"language":"Español","name":"Marta"},{"language":"Español","name":"Mico de noche"},{"language":"Español","name":"Sorbe humo"},{"language":"Español","name":"Mico tuto"},{"language":"Español","name":"Mico chala"},{"language":"Español","name":"Maca cagao"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Lemurine Night Monkey"}],"fullDescriptionApprovedInUse":{"_id":"63b4826b1dc649bf53122d1f","__t":"FullDescriptionVersion","version":11,"id_record":"59d073445f369343442f7d20","id_user":"sib@humboldt.org.co","fullDescription":{"_id":"59d4e40a5f369343442faf77","fullDescriptionAtomized":[],"fullDescriptionUnstructured":"Aotus lemurinus comprende un complejo de especies, las cuales constituyen el único caso de especies gemelas conocido en los primates neotropicales. A. l. Lemurinus, A. l. griseimembra y A.l. zonalis; aunque estas han sido elevadas a especies se menciona su complejidad en cuanto a la separación. Existen diferencias cariologicas entre lo que antes eran tratadas como subespecies de Aotus lemurinus, no se han evidenciado diferencias en la morfometría de sus cráneos y mandíbulas (Rodríguez-Mahecha et al., 2006), no se han encontrado diferencias en los análisis morfométricos de los cráneos y mandíbulas e incluso las tasas de divergencia genética entre las subespecies A. l. lemurinus y A. l. griseimembra es baja (1.8%) (Ruiz-García et al., 2016).  \n\nEl mono nocturno andino es un primate de tamaño pequeño que no presenta dimorfismo sexual. La longitud de la cabeza y el cuerpo es de 240 a 370 mm, la longitud de la cola es de 310 a 400 mm y el peso varía entre 650 y 1300g. El pelaje de A. lemurinus exhibe una contextura lanuda y densa (2,6-3,6 mm), el dorso y las extremidades varían en coloración, desde parduzco grisáceo hasta pardusco rojizo. Las extremidades pueden tener una terminación más oscura que el resto del cuerpo y presentan dedos alargados y delgados. El vientre desde el cuello hasta el final del tórax es de color amarillo opaco. La cara es redonda y pequeña en relación al cuerpo, y esta bordeada por bandas blancas con manchas circundantes similares a cejas, en el centro y en el borde exterior de los ojos presentan tres manchas negras que se unen a la coronilla. Los ojos son de color café y de gran tamaño con respecto a la cara. Las orejas son pequeñas y poco visibles entre la frondosidad del pelaje. La cola no prensil es más larga que la cabeza y el cuerpo y presenta la misma coloración del dorso culminando con un mechón oscuro, en los adultos se observa una mancha oscura en la base ventral de la cola en posición caudal a los genitales (Defler, 2010). La fórmula dental es i 2/2, c 1/1, p 3/3, m 3/3, total 36 (Reid, 2009; Romero-Valenzuela & Rumiz, 2010).","ancillaryData":[{"mediaURL":[],"agent":[],"reference":[{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Defler, Thomas Richard"],"editors":[],"keywords":["Aotus lemurinus"],"year":"2010-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","profile_id":"","group_id":"","abstract":"","tags":"Aotus lemurinus","type":"book","source":"","title":"Historia natural de los primates colombianos","issue":"","series":"","chapter":"","websites":"","accessed":"","publisher":"Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biolog\\'ia","address":"","institution":"","isbn":"958719456X","_id":"59e3bbb85f36934344306bf4","last_modified":null,"created":null},{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Reid, Fiona"],"editors":[],"keywords":["Aotus lemurinus,Vampyrum spectrum"],"year":"1997-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","profile_id":"","group_id":"","abstract":"","tags":"Aotus lemurinus,Vampyrum spectrum","type":"book","source":"","title":"A field guide to the mammals of Central America and Southeast Mexico","issue":"","series":"","chapter":"","websites":"","accessed":"","publisher":"Oxford University Press","address":"","institution":"","isbn":"0195064011","_id":"59e3bbb85f36934344306c02","last_modified":null,"created":null},{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Rodríguez-Mahecha, José Vicente; 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cuatro pares de mamas ubicadas en la parte superior de las costillas detrás de los codos y en el abdomen, opuestas a las articulaciones de las rodillas (Flower, 1880).\nLas siguientes características craneodentales son resaltadas por el trabajo de Perini et al., (2010): ausencia del lóbulo subangular de la mandíbula; rama horizontal de la mandíbula profunda y gruesa; anchura del proceso paroccipital estrechada medio-lateralmente; longitud nasal corta, raramente se extiende al nivel de la posición más posterior de la sutura maxilar frontal. Expansión posterior del proceso paroccipital alargada, más larga que la expansión posterolateral. Seno frontal carece de una depresión en la superficie dorsal del proceso post-orbital. Proceso mastoideo alargado, con forma de pomo o de cresta. Partición zigomática orbital carece de flama lateral y de un borde grueso dorsal. Cicatrices del músculo medial masetero estrechas y uniformes en el arco zigomático y en la superficie lateral del proceso angular. Proceso coronoide largo en la base relativo a su altura dorsoventral. Proceso angular profundo con una expansión de las fosas cortas del proceso para el músculo pterigoideo. \nPalatino ancho y alargado, extendiéndose más allá del final de la hilera molar. Proceso angular de la fosa superior sin expansión. Escudo supraoccipital rectangular ó en forma de abanico en vista posterior, el inion no sobrepasa los cóndilos. M3 presente, entocónido del m1 se une con el hipocónido por cristidas para formar una cresta transversa. Cúspides mediales en el I3 ausentes. Coronas de los premolares cortas, con la cúspide anterior del p4 reducida o ausente. Protostílido del m1 ausente y M1-2 estrechos labialmente; segunda cúspide posterior del p4 ausente y protocono del P4 saliente, localizado medialmente al borde anterior del paracono. Metacónido y entocónido del m1-m2 reducidos o ausentes. Hipoconos del M1-M2 reducidos o ausentes. Paraconos del M1-M2 relativamente prominentes en comparación con los metaconos; cíngulos bucales del M1-M2 reducidos o ausentes; M2 con dos raíces o ausente. I3 con una pequeña corona que se extiende apenas o justo detrás del cíngulo posteromedial débil o ausente de los I1 e I2. Cúspides posteriores del P3 y p2-3 ausentes o reducidas. \n\nEl estómago posee una porción subglobular cardíaca y una porción pilórica estrecha, ambas separadas por constricción; ciego reducido en el canal digestivo; glándulas anales abiertas, ovales y alargadas con un único orificio en el margen lateral de la apertura anal (Flower, 1880).","ancillaryData":[{"mediaURL":[],"agent":[],"reference":[{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Flower, W. 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Las orejas y los labios presentan los bordes de color blanquecino en la mayoría de ejemplares. La cabeza es grande y alargada de igual coloración que el resto del cuerpo. Posee un hocico largo y robusto. La cabeza presenta una coronilla aplanada. La crin a menudo es pobremente desarrollada e incluso ausente en algunos ejemplares. La probóscide es ligeramente más larga que en el resto de especies de danta. La cola es corta y delgada. La fórmula dental es I 3/3, C 1/1, P 4/3-4 y M 3/3 para un total de 42 a 44 dientes (Constantino et al, 2006; Tirira, 2008)","ancillaryData":[]},"element":"fullDescription","created":"2017-10-09T00:12:19.000Z"},"threatStatusApprovedInUse":{"_id":"6561271cc6e55fb6c08c3758","created":"2023-11-24T22:43:40.000Z","state":"approved_in_use","element":"threatStatus","id_user":"sib+ac@humboldt.org.co","threatStatus":[{"_id":"6561271cc6e55fb6c08c375d","threatStatusAtomized":{"threatCategory":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[]},"_id":"6561271cc6e55fb6c08c375e","authority":[],"apendiceCITES":["I"]}},{"_id":"6561271cc6e55fb6c08c375f","threatStatusAtomized":{"threatCategory":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[],"measurementValue":"EN","measurementType":"UICN"},"_id":"6561271cc6e55fb6c08c3760","authority":["UICN"],"apendiceCITES":[],"appliesTo":{"country":"GLOBAL"}}},{"_id":"6561271cc6e55fb6c08c3761","threatStatusAtomized":{"threatCategory":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[],"measurementValue":"CR","measurementType":"MADS"},"_id":"6561271cc6e55fb6c08c3762","authority":["MINISTERIO DE AMBIENTE Y DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE"],"apendiceCITES":[],"appliesTo":{"country":"Nacional"}}}],"id_record":"59dabdab5f369343442fefa6","version":2,"__v":0},"threatStatusValue":"","habitats_version":{"_id":"6561271cc6e55fb6c08c3758","created":"2023-11-24T22:43:40.000Z","state":"approved_in_use","element":"habitats","id_user":"sib+ac@humboldt.org.co","habitats":{"_id":"6561271cc6e55fb6c08c3764","habitatAtomized":[{"_id":"6561271cc6e55fb6c08c3765","measurementOrFact":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[],"_id":"6561271cc6e55fb6c08c3766","measurementValue":"Humedales_Ciénagas"}}]},"id_record":"59dabdab5f369343442fefa6","version":1,"__v":0},"imageInfo":{"mainImage":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Milton_Tapir_sniffing.JPG","thumbnailImage":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Milton_Tapir_sniffing.JPG","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2590551","rightsHolder":"Sasha Kopf","license":"CC BY-SA"}},{"originAtomized":{"exotic":false,"invasive":false},"_id":"59dad9c75f369343442ff3d4","creation_date":"2017-10-09T02:07:03.000Z","taxonRecordNameApprovedInUse":{"taxonRecordName":{"scientificName":{"canonicalName":{"simple":"Microsciurus santanderensis"},"canonicalAuthorship":{"simple":" (Hernández-Camacho, 1957)"}}}},"scientificNameSimple":"Microsciurus santanderensis (Hernández-Camacho, 1957)","commonNames":[{"name":"Colombian dwarf squirrel"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Santander Dwarf Squirrel"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Santander Dwarf Squirrel"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Santander Dwarf Squirrel"}],"fullDescriptionApprovedInUse":{"_id":"59dada2c5f369343442ff3e5","__t":"FullDescriptionVersion","version":1,"id_record":"59dad9c75f369343442ff3d4","id_user":"edgarestebanhc@gmail.com","fullDescription":{"_id":"59dada2c5f369343442ff3e6","fullDescriptionAtomized":[],"fullDescriptionUnstructured":"Medidas externas: Longitud Cabeza Cuerpo (LCC): 119-255 mm; Longitud de la Cola (LC): 133-265 mm; Longitud de la Pata (LP): 37-45 mm; Longitud de la Oreja (LO): 11-21.4 mm; Peso (P): 72.2-125 g\n\nDescripción general: Hembras con 3 pares de mamas. Pelaje de las partes superiores relativamente corto y de aspecto liso, aunque en las poblaciones distribuidas a mayor altitud puede ser un poco más largo y laxo. Lados del rostro variando de ante ocráceo, hasta canela rosáceo; anillo orbital de ante intenso a canela rosáceo. Frente naranja ocráceo finamente mezclado con negro; porción posterior de la coronilla contrastante y uniformemente negra, formando una gran mancha. Mancha sub-auricular conspicua de color ante ocráceo claro, constante en todos los especímenes revisados; las manchas post-auriculares pueden estar presentes en algunos ejemplares, con un color ante pálido sucio. Lados del cuerpo naranja ocráceo mezclado con negro, formando un patrón agutí (pelos negros con banda sub-terminal muy ancha de color naranja ocráceo). Desde la línea media del cuello se prolonga hacia atrás una lista medio dorsal negra, lustrosa, delgada en la parte del cuello y la región interescapular, pero más ancha en el resto de su extensión. Antebrazos (exteriormente) similares en colorido a los lados del cuerpo, gradualmente más claras hacia adelante y pasando a un ante acanelado claro; mechones digitales de color ante acanelado dispuestos sobre las falanges terminales. Patas con pelaje corto y denso, acaneladas, pasando gradualmente a un color ante ocráceo claro en el borde externo y los dedos; mechones digitales ante acanelado a ante pálido. Pelaje de las partes inferiores variable en cuanto a coloración, longitud y apariencia; en algunos especímenes el pelo es corto y lustroso, con predominio de un tono blanco desde la región gular hasta la región anal (poblaciones de Girón, Santander); en otros el pelaje es más largo y laxo con tonalidades desde ante claro hasta un ocráceo amarillento (poblaciones de San Vicente de Chucurí, Santander) casi siempre de base gris. Cola relativamente angosta con una coloración muy similar a la de los lados del cuerpo en ¼ proximal; en el resto de su extensión tiene una apariencia canosa, siendo los pelos negros en su base con bandas sub-basal y mesial naranja ocráceo, una gran banda sub-terminal negra y una banda terminal de color blanco puro. 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Se distingue una máscara facial marrón oscura claramente delimitada por áreas adyacentes de color más claro. Su cola cuenta con cinco a siete anillos marrón-negro, que se alternan con bandas de color más claros (Lotze & Anderson, 1979).\n\nPresenta pelaje corto y grueso, con pelos de guarda, el pelaje del cuello se encuentra dirigido hacia la parte posterior del cuerpo. Las patas son de coloración más clara, con orejas puntiagudas y cola cilíndrica (Suárez-Castro y Ramírez-Chaves, 2015). Cranealmente, la longitud del paladar va más allá del segundo molar superior (M2), y representa más del 25% de la longitud total del paladar. Los molariformes presentan cúspides puntiagudas, el ancho del cigomático es mayor a 86 mm y el ancho del cuarto premolar es menor a 9 mm (Marín et al., 2012).","ancillaryData":[]},"element":"fullDescription","created":"2017-10-10T01:37:51.000Z"},"threatStatusApprovedInUse":{"_id":"6561269ac6e55fb6c08bd963","created":"2023-11-24T22:41:30.000Z","state":"approved_in_use","element":"threatStatus","id_user":"sib+ac@humboldt.org.co","threatStatus":[{"_id":"6561269ac6e55fb6c08bd968","threatStatusAtomized":{"threatCategory":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[],"measurementValue":"LC","measurementType":"UICN"},"_id":"6561269ac6e55fb6c08bd969","authority":["UICN"],"apendiceCITES":[],"appliesTo":{"country":"GLOBAL"}}}],"id_record":"59dc22eb5f369343442ffbcd","version":2,"__v":0},"threatStatusValue":"Preocupación menor (LC)","habitats_version":null,"imageInfo":{"mainImage":"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Raccoon_climbing_in_tree_-_Cropped_and_color_corrected.jpg","thumbnailImage":"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Raccoon_climbing_in_tree_-_Cropped_and_color_corrected.jpg","source":"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Raccoon_climbing_in_tree_-_Cropped_and_color_corrected.jpg","rightsHolder":"Creator:Dave Menke","license":"Public Domain"}},{"originAtomized":{"exotic":false,"invasive":false},"_id":"59dd524a5f36934344300aa9","creation_date":"2017-10-10T23:05:46.000Z","taxonRecordNameApprovedInUse":{"taxonRecordName":{"scientificName":{"canonicalName":{"simple":"Pteronura brasiliensis"},"canonicalAuthorship":{"simple":" (Gmelin, 1788)"}}}},"scientificNameSimple":"Pteronura brasiliensis (Gmelin, 1788)","commonNames":[{"language":"Inglés","name":"Giant Otter"},{"language":"German","name":"Riesenotter"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Giant Brazilian Otter"},{"language":"Italian","name":"Lontra gigante del Brasile"},{"language":"Italian","name":"Lontra gigante del Arirai"},{"language":"Español","name":"Lobo de Río Grande"},{"language":"Español","name":"Nutria brasileña"},{"language":"Español","name":"Lobo del río"},{"language":"Español","name":"Nutria gigante"},{"language":"Español","name":"Lobito de cola ancha"},{"language":"Español","name":"Arirai"},{"language":"Español","name":"Perro de agua"},{"language":"Español","name":"Lobo gargantilla"},{"language":"Español","name":"Lobon"},{"language":"Español","name":"Lobo colón"},{"name":"Tabú/täu"},{"name":"Yéu, yeó"},{"name":"bojónavi"},{"name":"Iñehui"},{"name":"P+mónaj+ko"},{"name":"Ñewi"},{"name":"Kw anê yao"},{"name":"Majájesau"}],"fullDescriptionApprovedInUse":{"_id":"605a65d6551f277235617129","__t":"FullDescriptionVersion","version":6,"id_record":"59dd524a5f36934344300aa9","id_user":"sib@humboldt.org.co","fullDescription":{"_id":"59dd53ac5f36934344300b13","fullDescriptionAtomized":[],"fullDescriptionUnstructured":"Se han descrito dos subespecies (Duplaix 1980): (1) P. b. brasiliensis (Gmelin, 1788) de Suriname, las Guayanas, el sur de Venezuela, el sur de Colombia, el este de Ecuador, el este de Perú, Bolivia, Paraguay y Brasil; (2) P. b. paranensis (Rengger, 1830) de los ríos Paraguay y Paraná en Brasil, el norte de Argentina y Uruguay. Sin embargo, esta división subespecífica fue rechazada por Carter y Rosas (1997) y descrita como de \"dudosa\" por Duplaix (1980). Wozencraft (2005) trató la subespecie paranensis como sinónimo de una subespecie diferente P. b. paraguensis (Schinz, 1821). Análisis mitocondrial subsecuente y análisis de microsatélites apoya subdivisión de la especie en cuatro unidades evolutivas distintas (ESU). Estos comprenden: (1) el Río Madre de Dios con el Río Madeira (2); El Pantanal (3) el Amazonas con los drenajes del Orinoco y las Guayanas (4) La cuenca de Iténez / Guaporé (García et al., 2007 y Pickles et al et al. 2011, 2012).\n\nEn general los individuos alcanzan una longitud de 1,5 a 2,0 m, de los cuales 45 a 65 cm corresponden a la cola, la cual es característicamente aplanada hacia la punta. Pesan de 25 a 32 kg. El color del pelaje es café oscuro con manchas de color claro amarillento en el área del cuello. Estas manchas son de mayor tamaño en los machos que en las hembras. Los patrones de las manchas son específicos y pueden ser utilizados para identificar los individuos. Los dedos de las manos y pies están unidos por una membrana interdigital. 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El rostro apunta hacia arriba, es ancho y no presenta hoja nasal pero sí pliegues o festones alrededor de la boca que al abrirla toma forma de embudo.  La boca presenta placa naso-labial con verrugas y protuberancias con los bordes circundados con pelo tieso.  Los nostrilos ovales que se abren en el extremo del labio superior. Mentón con dos placas grandes que se hunden a una serie de pliegues. Las orejas son cortas, redondeadas con una banda de piel a través de la frente con una escotadura profunda en la mitad.\n\nLas orejas son redondas y conectadas por una banda que se fusionan en la parte frontal del rostro dejando una muesca en la parte más alta. \n\nTiene el antebrazo más largo del genero > 50mm\n\nEl pelaje suave, sedoso y largo en el dorso, de color café oscuro rojizo. Las partes ventrales son más pálidas o amarillas. Meso patagio unido muy arriba en la parte media dorsal de la espalda.  El mesopatagio y el uropatagio están unidos al tobillo por numerosos filamentos, la cola revienta en la superficie dorsal del uropatagio.\n\nEl cráneo es abombado con el rostro bajo y frente muy alta; la caja craneal es cuadrada y aplanada dorsalmente, o piramidal y notablemente aplanado. La frente se precipita hacia el rostro. El basioccipital y basiesfenoide son amplios y un canal entre la bula auditiva \n\nDentición, Presentan diastemas entre los incisivos laterales y los caninos y entre el primer y segundo premolar; los morales son Dilambdodontos, los incisivos inferiores son pequeños y trilobulados, segundo premolar inferior largo u delgado.\nFD 2/2; 1/1; 2/3; 3/3\n\nCariotipo\n2n: 34\nFN: 62 \n\nMedidas\nMéxico\nLT: 88.9 (85-97), 90 (87-95)\nLC: 24.9 (22-28) 25.1 (23-27)\nLP: 13 (12-14) 13\nLO 14.3 (13-15) 14.5 (14-15)\nAntillas\nLT 78\nLC19,5\nLP10,5\n(Rezsutek & Cameron 1993; Muñoz 2001; Medellín et al. 2008)","ancillaryData":[{"mediaURL":[],"agent":[],"reference":[{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Medellín, Rodrigo A, Arita, Héctor Takeshi,Sanchez-Herrera, Oscar,Rodrigo, A Medellín,Héctor, T Arita,Oscar Sánchez, H"],"editors":[],"keywords":["Carollia perspicillata,Mormoops megalophylla"],"year":"1997-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","profile_id":"","group_id":"","abstract":"","tags":"Carollia perspicillata,Mormoops megalophylla","type":"book","source":"","title":"Identificación de los murciélagos de México: clave de campo","issue":"","series":"","chapter":"","websites":"","accessed":"","publisher":"Asociación Mexicana de Mastozoolog\\'ia.","address":"","institution":"","isbn":"9709192108","_id":"59e3d9915f36934344307565","last_modified":null,"created":null},{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Muñoz Arango, Javier","Arango, Javier Muñoz"],"editors":[],"keywords":["Carollia perspicillata,Eptesicus miradorensis,Mormoops megalophylla,Natalus tumidirostris"],"year":"2001-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","profile_id":"","group_id":"","abstract":"","tags":"Carollia perspicillata,Eptesicus miradorensis,Mormoops megalophylla,Natalus tumidirostris","type":"book","source":"","title":"Los murciélagos de Colombia sistemática, distribución, descripción, historia natural y ecología","issue":"","series":"","chapter":"","websites":"","accessed":"","publisher":"","address":"","institution":"","isbn":"9586555240","_id":"59e3d9915f36934344307563","last_modified":null,"created":null},{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Rezsutek, M., & G. 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La longitud del cuerpo varía entre 36.5 a 55.6 cm, mientras que la cola puede medir entre 22.8 y 35 cm (Oliveira Do Nascimento & Feijó, 2017). No se presenta dimorfismo sexual para los caracteres externos de machos y hembras (Oliveira Do Nascimento & Feijó 2017). El peso promedio para las hembras es de 1.5 a 3.2 Kg y en los machos de 1.8 a 3.5 kg. (Hunter 2001). \n\nEl color de la cabeza varía de café oscuro a café amarillento o café grisáceo. Los labios, barbilla, mejilla y garganta son de color blanco, gris claro o crema. En las mejillas hay dos rayas negras o café oscuras paralelas en dirección longitudinal. Los pelos en la nuca están orientados hacia atrás a diferencia de L.wiedii. Las orejas son redondas con la superficie dorsal de color negro, excepto la base, que tiene el mismo color del resto de la cabeza y una mancha blanca en la parte central. A su vez, presenta manchas supraorbitales o rayas en cada lado de la cabeza dispuestas en dirección longitudinal. Presenta numerosas y pequeñas manchas elípticas en la parte superior de la cabeza y cuatro o cinco franjas longitudinales que se extienden a lo largo de la nuca y la región del cuello hasta la parte anterior dorsal en la región interescapular. La coloración del cuerpo es la misma a la de la cabeza y se torna más clara hacía el vientre. \n\nPresenta manchas sólidas y rosetas en los lados del cuerpo, las cuales se unen para formar bandas oblicuas dispuestas en dirección escápulo-inguinal. La cola es larga y presenta anillos negros o café oscuro alternados con anillos claros del mismo color del dorso y con la punta de la cola de color oscuro. L. tigrinus es muy similar a Leopardus wiedii (Oliveira Do Nascimento & Feijó 2017). Sin embargo, un carácter que permite distinguirlos son los pelos de la nuca orientados hacia atrás en L. tigrinus y en L. wiedii orientados hacia adelante (Oliveira Do Nascimento & Feijó 2017). Existen reportes de individuos melánicos (Graipel et al. 2014, Oliveira Do Nascimento & Feijó 2017).","ancillaryData":[{"mediaURL":[],"agent":[],"reference":[{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Graipel, M E","Oliveira-Santos, L G R","Goulart, F V B","Tortato, M A","Miller, P R M","Cáceres, N C"],"editors":[],"keywords":["Leopardus tigrinus"],"year":"2014-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","profile_id":"","group_id":"","abstract":"","tags":"Leopardus tigrinus","type":"article","source":"Brazilian Journal of Biology","title":"The role of melanism in oncillas on the temporal segregation of nocturnal activity","volume":"74","issue":"","pages":"S142--S145","series":"","chapter":"","websites":"","accessed":"","publisher":"SciELO Brasil","address":"","institution":"","issn":"1519-6984","_id":"59e3dfea5f369343443076dd","last_modified":null,"created":null},{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Hunter, Luke","Barrett, Priscilla"],"editors":[],"keywords":["Leopardus tigrinus,Lontra longicaudis"],"year":"2011-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","profile_id":"","group_id":"","abstract":"","tags":"Leopardus tigrinus,Lontra longicaudis","type":"book","source":"","title":"Carnivores of the world","issue":"","series":"","chapter":"","websites":"","accessed":"","publisher":"Princeton University Press Princeton","address":"","institution":"","isbn":"0691152276","_id":"59e3dfea5f369343443076e4","last_modified":null,"created":null},{"identifiers":[],"authors":["do Nascimento, Fabio Oliveira","Feijó, Anderson"],"editors":[],"keywords":["Leopardus tigrinus"],"year":"2017-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","profile_id":"","group_id":"","abstract":"","tags":"Leopardus tigrinus","type":"article","source":"Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia (Sao Paulo)","title":"Taxonomic revision of the tigrina Leopardus tigrinus (Schreber, 1775) species group (Carnivora, Felidae)","volume":"57","issue":"","pages":"231--264","series":"","chapter":"","websites":"","accessed":"","publisher":"","address":"","institution":"","issn":"1807-0205","_id":"59e3dfea5f369343443076d0","last_modified":null,"created":null},{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Rodríguez-Mahecha J. 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El vientre es de color blanco, el pecho, la garganta, la mandíbula y el flanco interior de las patas está recubierto de manchas generalmente grandes en forma de puntos, rosetas o anillos negros (de Oliveira, 1998; Emmons y Feer, 1997). Presenta una cola muy larga (hasta el 70% de la longitud total), con bandas anchas en ocasiones incompletas. Los ojos son grandes y protuberantes de color pardo, que reflejan luz amarillenta u ocre. Orejas grandes y redondeadas de color negro en la parte externa con una mancha blanca en el centro (de Oliveira, 1998). Rinario generalmente negro, pelos de la cabeza y la nuca dirigidos hacia adelante. Es uno de los pocos felinos con la capacidad de rotar la unión de los tobillos 180°, lo cual le permite descender de los arboles cabeza abajo. Las hembras poseen un par de mamas y presentan un peso menor al de los machos, aunque presenten el mismo tamaño (Pereira, 2012). Extremidades largas y digitígradas, tamaño similar entre patas y manos (Pinilla-Buitrago, et al., 2015). En el trabajo de Morais et al. (2002) se menciona la ausencia de espinas en el pene como una posible característica especifica de L. wiedii en comparación con L. tigrinus y L. pardalis. \n\nMedidas: \nAltura: 350 a 400 mm\nLargo hasta la base de la cola: 450 a 790 mm\nLargo cola: 300 a 510 mm\nPeso: Hembras 2.3 a 3.5 Kg, machos 2.3 a 4.9 Kg\nFórmula dental es i 3/3, c 1/1, p 3/2, m 1/1, total 30.\n\nEs una de las siete especies de felinos encontrados en Colombia, según el último listado de mamíferos de Colombia publicado por Ramírez-Chaves et al. (2016). \n\nSe puede diferenciar de las otras dos especies del genero Leopardus principalmente por la longitud y espesor de su cola, ya que la del margay es mucho más larga que la de las demás especies. Cranealmente se diferencia de Leopardus pardalis por la ausencia de cresta sagital y constricción post-orbital. Con Leopardus tigrinus se observa diferencia en el pelaje del cuello, ya que en este último se encuentra dirigido hacia atrás, adicionalmente el pelaje de  L. tigrinus presenta mayor cantidad de rosetas, de tamaño pequeño y no tienden a formar líneas (Pinilla-Buitrago, et al., 2015).","ancillaryData":[{"mediaURL":[],"agent":[],"reference":[{"identifiers":[],"authors":["de Oliveira, Tadeu G"],"editors":[],"keywords":["Leopardus wiedii"],"year":"1998-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","profile_id":"","group_id":"","abstract":"","tags":"Leopardus wiedii","type":"article","source":"Mammalian species","title":"Leopardus wiedii","issue":"","pages":"1--6","series":"","chapter":"","websites":"","accessed":"","publisher":"Oxford University Press","address":"","institution":"","issn":"0076-3519","_id":"59e3e2ab5f369343443077d5","last_modified":null,"created":null},{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Emmons, Louise H","Feer, Francois"],"editors":[],"keywords":["Leopardus pardalis,Leopardus wiedii,Priodontes maximus,Pteronura brasiliensis"],"year":"1997-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","profile_id":"","group_id":"","abstract":"","tags":"Leopardus pardalis,Leopardus wiedii,Priodontes maximus,Pteronura brasiliensis","type":"article","source":"A field guide","title":"Neotropical rainforest mammals","volume":"2","issue":"","series":"","chapter":"","websites":"","accessed":"","publisher":"JSTOR","address":"","institution":"","_id":"59e3e2ab5f369343443077e7","last_modified":null,"created":null},{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Morais, R N","Mucciolo, R G","Gomes, M L F","Lacerda, O","Moraes, W","Moreira, N","Graham, L H","Swanson, W F","Brown, J L"],"editors":[],"keywords":["Leopardus wiedii"],"year":"2002-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","profile_id":"","group_id":"","abstract":"","tags":"Leopardus wiedii","type":"article","source":"Theriogenology","title":"Seasonal analysis of semen characteristics, serum testosterone and fecal androgens in the ocelot (Leopardus pardalis), margay (L. wiedii) and tigrina (L. tigrinus)","volume":"57","issue":"","pages":"2027--2041","series":"","chapter":"","websites":"","accessed":"","publisher":"Elsevier","address":"","institution":"","issn":"0093-691X","_id":"59e3e2ab5f369343443077de","last_modified":null,"created":null},{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Ram\\'irez-Chaves, Héctor E","Suárez-Castro, Andrés Felipe","González-Maya, José F"],"editors":[],"keywords":["Leopardus wiedii"],"year":"2016-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","profile_id":"","group_id":"","abstract":"","tags":"Leopardus wiedii","type":"article","source":"Mammalogy Notes","title":"Cambios recientes a la lista de los mamíferos de Colombia","volume":"3","issue":"","pages":"1--9","series":"","chapter":"","websites":"","accessed":"","publisher":"","address":"","institution":"","_id":"59e3e2ab5f369343443077d9","last_modified":null,"created":null}],"dataType":"","mimeType":"","created":null,"modified":null,"title":"","license":"Atribución - 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Las orejas son redondeadas, de tamaño grande (>27 mm), teniendo una longitud superior a una tercera parte del largo del cuerpo, con un trago también hipertrofiado (>22.3). Hoja nasal de mayor tamaño que en cualquier otra especie de murciélago filostómido (>41.5). Posee ornamentaciones elaboradas en la porción basal de la hoja nasal.\n\nLa fórmula dental es i 2/0, c 1/1, p 3/3, m 3/3, total 32.","ancillaryData":[]},"element":"fullDescription","created":"2017-10-12T10:44:58.000Z"},"habitats_version":null,"imageInfo":{"mainImage":"https://live.staticflickr.com/4414/37015646725_ba9ab4fc47_k.jpg","thumbnailImage":"https://live.staticflickr.com/4414/37015646725_ba9ab4fc47_k.jpg","source":"","rightsHolder":"Hugo Mantilla-Meluk","license":"CC BY-ND"},"threatStatusApprovedInUse":null},{"originAtomized":{"exotic":false,"invasive":false},"_id":"59df89fe5f36934344302307","creation_date":"2017-10-12T15:27:58.000Z","taxonRecordNameApprovedInUse":{"taxonRecordName":{"scientificName":{"canonicalName":{"simple":"Gardnerycteris crenulatum"},"canonicalAuthorship":{"simple":" (Geoffroy, 1803)"}}}},"scientificNameSimple":"Gardnerycteris crenulatum (Geoffroy, 1803)","fullDescriptionApprovedInUse":{"_id":"59df8c485f36934344302325","__t":"FullDescriptionVersion","version":3,"id_record":"59df89fe5f36934344302307","id_user":"edgarestebanhc@gmail.com","fullDescription":{"_id":"59df8c485f36934344302326","fullDescriptionAtomized":[],"fullDescriptionUnstructured":"Longitud cabeza-cuerpo de hasta 90 mm. Pelaje dorsal unicoloreado o bicoloredo de 6.57 mm.  Pelaje corporal denso o laxo. Línea dorsal blanca ausente, tenue o muy marcada. El primer tercio del antebrazo siempre desnudo. Hoja nasal angosta y lanceolada con bordes con crenulaciones. Longitud de las orejas de 23-26 mm. Presenta dos vibrisas interramales. Las vibrisas laterales a la hoja nasal se hallan dispuestas en una sola columna por lado.  La glándula gular presente. Pelos en el dorso de las patas densos y largos. Longitud del tercer metacarpal puede ser menor, igual o mayor a la del quinto. Longitud del cráneo menor a 22.5 milímetros. Arco cigomático aplanado lateralmente. Huesos nasales cortos. Crestas de los incisivos superiores convergentes; en algunos casos éstas se unen en la base. Tercer premolar ausente  (Genoways, 2008).\n\nSe diferencia de otros Gardnerycteris por los siguientes caracteres:\n\nno sobrepasan los 90 mm de longitud cabeza cuerpo. Pelaje dorsal es unicoloreado o bicoloredo de 6.5 a 7.5 milímetros.  Pelaje corporal denso o laxo. La línea dorsal puede estar ausente, tenue o muy marcada. Primer tercio del antebrazo desnudo. Hoja nasal angosta y lanceolada con bordes que siempre exhiben crenulaciones. Orejas de longitud mediana: 23 y 26 mm de forma lanceolada con las puntas paralelas sin proyecciones. Presenta dos vibrisas interramales. Las vibrisas laterales a la hoja nasal se hayan dispuestas en una sola columna por lado.  La glándula gular está siempre presente. Los pelos en el dorso de las patas son densos y largos. En cuanto a la morfología craneal, la longitud del cráneo es menor a 22.5 mm. El arco cigomático es aplanado lateralmente. Los huesos nasales son siempre cortos. Las crestas de los incisivos superiores son convergentes, en algunos casos éstas se unen en la base y el tercer premolar está siempre ausente. (Hurtado y Pacheco, 2014)","ancillaryData":[]},"element":"fullDescription","created":"2017-10-12T15:37:44.000Z"},"habitats_version":null,"imageInfo":{"mainImage":"https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/56987690/large.jpg","thumbnailImage":"https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/56987690/large.jpg","source":"","rightsHolder":"edward137","license":"CC BY"},"threatStatusApprovedInUse":{"_id":"65612701c6e55fb6c08c24c0","created":"2023-11-24T22:43:13.000Z","state":"approved_in_use","element":"threatStatus","id_user":"sib+ac@humboldt.org.co","threatStatus":[{"_id":"65612701c6e55fb6c08c24c5","threatStatusAtomized":{"threatCategory":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[],"measurementValue":"LC","measurementType":"UICN"},"_id":"65612701c6e55fb6c08c24c6","authority":["UICN"],"apendiceCITES":[],"appliesTo":{"country":"GLOBAL"}}}],"id_record":"59df89fe5f36934344302307","version":1,"__v":0}},{"originAtomized":{"exotic":false,"invasive":false},"_id":"59df8e175f3693434430237e","creation_date":"2017-10-12T15:45:27.000Z","taxonRecordNameApprovedInUse":{"taxonRecordName":{"scientificName":{"canonicalName":{"simple":"Eumops perotis"},"canonicalAuthorship":{"simple":" (Schinz, 1821)"}}}},"scientificNameSimple":"Eumops perotis (Schinz, 1821)","commonNames":[{"language":"Inglés","name":"Greater Bonneted Bat"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Greater Bonneted Bat"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Greater Bonneted Bat"},{"language":"Español","name":"Murciélago-con bonete mayor"},{"language":"Español","name":"Murciélago-con bonete mayor"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Western Bonneted Bat"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Western Bonneted Bat"},{"name":"western bonneted bat"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"western mastiff bat"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"western mastiff-bat"}],"fullDescriptionApprovedInUse":{"_id":"59df8e465f3693434430239c","__t":"FullDescriptionVersion","version":2,"id_record":"59df8e175f3693434430237e","id_user":"edgarestebanhc@gmail.com","fullDescription":{"_id":"59df8e465f3693434430239d","fullDescriptionAtomized":[],"fullDescriptionUnstructured":"De tamaño grande, la región dorsal es color gris oscuro, gris parduzco, o marrón pálido. La región ventral es color marrón ceniza. La cola, alas y orejas son oscuras. La base de los pelos es blanca. La cola se extiende más allá del uropatagio. El antitrago está bien desarrollado y el trago puede ser pequeño y puntudo o ancho y cuadrado. Sus medidas externas son: Longitud del antebrazo (70,2-76,1 mm), longitud total (157-184 mm), envergadura (515- 535 mm), longitud de la oreja (36-47 mm). El cráneo es cilíndrico y la fosa basiesfenoidea está bien desarrollada. Los incisivos superiores son pequeños y curvos. No presenta espacio entre los dos incisivos superiores. El palatino es arqueado. Las medidas craneales son: Longitud del cráneo (28,3- 33,7mm), longitud condiloincisivo (26,9-32,1 mm), anchura cigomática (16,2-19 mm), anchura mastoidea (13,9-15,8 mm), altura de la caja craneal (8,5-10,2 mm), constricción postorbital (4,9-5,5 mm). La fórmula dental es: 1/2 1/1 2/2 3/3 para un total de 30 (Best et al., 1996).","ancillaryData":[]},"element":"fullDescription","created":"2017-10-12T15:46:14.000Z"},"habitats_version":null,"imageInfo":{"mainImage":"https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/96928210/original.jpeg","thumbnailImage":"https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/96928210/original.jpeg","source":"","rightsHolder":"Frederico Acaz Sonntag","license":"CC BY-NC"},"threatStatusApprovedInUse":{"_id":"656126cec6e55fb6c08bff5c","created":"2023-11-24T22:42:22.000Z","state":"approved_in_use","element":"threatStatus","id_user":"sib+ac@humboldt.org.co","threatStatus":[{"_id":"656126cec6e55fb6c08bff61","threatStatusAtomized":{"threatCategory":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[],"measurementValue":"LC","measurementType":"UICN"},"_id":"656126cec6e55fb6c08bff62","authority":["UICN"],"apendiceCITES":[],"appliesTo":{"country":"GLOBAL"}}}],"id_record":"59df8e175f3693434430237e","version":1,"__v":0}},{"originAtomized":{"exotic":false,"invasive":false},"_id":"59e0cfaa5f36934344302d9e","creation_date":"2017-10-13T14:37:30.000Z","taxonRecordNameApprovedInUse":{"taxonRecordName":{"scientificName":{"canonicalName":{"simple":"Enchisthenes hartii"},"canonicalAuthorship":{"simple":" (Thomas, 1892)"}}}},"scientificNameSimple":"Enchisthenes hartii (Thomas, 1892)","commonNames":[{"language":"Inglés","name":"Velvety Fruit-eating Bat"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Velvety Fruit-eating Bat"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Velvety Fruit-eating Bat"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Little Fruit-eating bat"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Hart´s Fruit-eating bat"},{"language":"Español","name":"Murciélago frutero achocolatado"}],"fullDescriptionApprovedInUse":{"_id":"59ffee20b255d98254bc9a42","__t":"FullDescriptionVersion","version":4,"id_record":"59e0cfaa5f36934344302d9e","id_user":"edgarestebanhc@gmail.com","fullDescription":{"_id":"59e0d0725f36934344302dec","fullDescriptionAtomized":[],"fullDescriptionUnstructured":"Tamaño pequeño, pelaje corto (4 a 5 mm), suave y de aspecto aterciopelado; dorso, garganta y mentón de color marrón chocolate oscuro, más intenso hacia la cabeza y los hombros; región ventral de un marrón grisáceo, la base de los pelos es ligeramente más pálida, rostro con cuatro líneas blancuzcas a amarillentas, delgadas y bien distintivas; apéndice nasal corto, ancho y negruzco, con el margen inferior fusionado con el labio superior, formando una sola línea continua; orejas medianas, semiredondeadas y negruzcas. Membranas de marrón oscuro a negro; membrana caudal corta (de 4 a 6 mm), en forma de V invertida y con pelos en el borde; calcáneo más corto que el pie, piernas y pies escasamente peludos. Fórmula dental I 2/2, C 1/1, P 2/2, M 3/3 = 32 dientes; los incisivos superiores centrales son simples, sin muescas ni lóbulos, los terceros molares son desarrollados y bien evidentes. Especies similares: Su color marrón chocolate, el número de piezas dentales y la forma de los incisivos superiores son características de diagnóstico: los murciélagos fruteros pequeños (Artibeus spp) tienen el pelaje más largo y más claro y el apéndice nasal forma una herradura libre en su borde inferior, los murciélagos de nariz ancha (Platyrrhinus spp.) tienen una línea blanca en la espalda. \n\n\nHombros sin manchas; líneas faciales o dorsales presentes; en general ojos de aspecto normal\nIncisivos superiores centrales con una cúspide no cilíndrica\nNasales presentes\nMargen posterior de las narinas externas sin forma de lira\nIncisivos superiores centrales de tamaño similar o levemente mayores que los laterales\nIncisivos superiores centrales simples\nDíaz, M. M., S, Solari, L. F. Aguirre, L. M. S. Aguiar & R. M. Barquez. (2016). Clave de identificación de los  Murciélagos de Sudamérica. Tucumán, Argentina. 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Es similar a V. melissa pero se puede diferenciar fácilmente a partir de las medidas craneales, de antebrazo y por la dentición más robusta en V. sinchi. \nSe caracteriza por su coloración parda clara, con líneas blancas marcadas, pero no bien definidas, en el rostro. El vientre es más claro y contrasta con el dorso. El antebrazo es muy velludo a lo largo de aproximadamente el 70 % de su longitud. El cráneo presenta el proceso postglenoideo desarrollado fuertemente y se extiende por debajo del nivel del proceso pterigoideo. Los incisivos superiores internos presentan dos lóbulos. Las narinas anteriores son profundas y presentan una marginación más profunda que en V. melissa (Tavares et al., 2014).","ancillaryData":[]},"element":"fullDescription","created":"2017-10-14T15:06:09.000Z"},"threatStatusApprovedInUse":{"_id":"65612728c6e55fb6c08c40d9","created":"2023-11-24T22:43:52.000Z","state":"approved_in_use","element":"threatStatus","id_user":"sib+ac@humboldt.org.co","threatStatus":[{"_id":"65612728c6e55fb6c08c40de","threatStatusAtomized":{"threatCategory":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[],"measurementValue":"EN","measurementType":"MADS"},"_id":"65612728c6e55fb6c08c40df","authority":["MINISTERIO DE AMBIENTE Y DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE"],"apendiceCITES":[],"appliesTo":{"country":"Nacional"}}}],"id_record":"59e21fbd5f36934344303e22","version":2,"__v":0},"threatStatusValue":"No evaluado (NE)","habitats_version":null,"imageInfo":{"mainImage":"https://images.phylopic.org/images/f83ca112-7d67-4852-acb0-c10ada610e66/raster/1024x423.png","thumbnailImage":"https://images.phylopic.org/images/f83ca112-7d67-4852-acb0-c10ada610e66/raster/1024x423.png","source":"https://www.phylopic.org/images/f83ca112-7d67-4852-acb0-c10ada610e66","rightsHolder":"Melissa Ingala","license":"CC BY"}},{"originAtomized":{"exotic":false,"invasive":false},"_id":"59e2268b5f36934344303eae","creation_date":"2017-10-14T15:00:27.000Z","taxonRecordNameApprovedInUse":{"taxonRecordName":{"scientificName":{"canonicalName":{"simple":"Eira barbara"},"canonicalAuthorship":{"simple":" (Linnaeus, 1758)"}}}},"scientificNameSimple":"Eira barbara (Linnaeus, 1758)","commonNames":[{"language":"Inglés","name":"Tayra"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Tayra"},{"name":"Tayra"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Tayra"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Tayra"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"tayra"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"tayra"},{"language":"Danish","name":"hyara"},{"language":"German","name":"Tayra"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Tayra"},{"language":"Finnish","name":"Taira"},{"language":"French","name":"Tayra"},{"language":"Italian","name":"Taira"},{"language":"Español","name":"Tejón"},{"language":"Español","name":"Ucati"},{"language":"Español","name":"Tolumuco"},{"language":"Español","name":"Ulamá"},{"language":"Español","name":"Cabeza de viejo"},{"language":"Español","name":"Taira"},{"language":"Español","name":"Hurón mayor"},{"language":"Español","name":"Gato cutarra"},{"language":"Español","name":"Manco"},{"language":"Español","name":"Gato negro"},{"language":"Swedish","name":"tayra"},{"language":"Dutch; Flemish","name":"Tayra"}],"fullDescriptionApprovedInUse":{"_id":"59e227a05f36934344303f24","__t":"FullDescriptionVersion","version":2,"id_record":"59e2268b5f36934344303eae","id_user":"edgarestebanhc@gmail.com","fullDescription":{"_id":"59e227a05f36934344303f25","fullDescriptionAtomized":[],"fullDescriptionUnstructured":"Longitud de cabeza y cuerpo 559-712 mm, longitud de la cola 365-460 mm, longitud de la pata 90-123 mm, longitud de la oreja 30-42 mm, peso 2,7-7kg. \n\nLa Tayra es uno de los mustélidos más grandes que se encuentran en Sur América y en Colombia. Su cuerpo es esbelto y de contextura delgada. La parte dorsal del cuerpo es ligeramente curvada. Tiene un pelaje largo, de textura suave y brillosa, de color marrón oscuro a negro. La parte ventral es del mismo color que el dorso. \n\nSu cabeza es redondeada y de tamaño mediano con respecto al cuerpo. Tanto la cabeza como el cuello por lo general son de coloración amarillenta, no obstante, en algunos individuos es del mismo color que el resto del cuerpo. Es común que el cuello y/o la parte dorsal a la altura de los hombros presente una macha de color crema, la cual puede variar a nivel individual. La Tayra tiene orejas pequeñas y redondeadas y ojos negros de tamaño pequeño. \n\nLas extremidades presentan cinco dedos con membranas interdigitales parciales y garras largas. La cola es larga, gruesa y tupida, mide generalmente dos tercios de su longitud total. Las crías son totalmente negras al nacer.","ancillaryData":[]},"element":"fullDescription","created":"2017-10-14T15:05:04.000Z"},"threatStatusApprovedInUse":{"_id":"6561266cc6e55fb6c08bbc4e","created":"2023-11-24T22:40:44.000Z","state":"approved_in_use","element":"threatStatus","id_user":"sib+ac@humboldt.org.co","threatStatus":[{"_id":"6561266cc6e55fb6c08bbc53","threatStatusAtomized":{"threatCategory":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[]},"_id":"6561266cc6e55fb6c08bbc54","authority":[],"apendiceCITES":["III"]}},{"_id":"6561266cc6e55fb6c08bbc55","threatStatusAtomized":{"threatCategory":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[],"measurementValue":"LC","measurementType":"UICN"},"_id":"6561266cc6e55fb6c08bbc56","authority":["UICN"],"apendiceCITES":[],"appliesTo":{"country":"GLOBAL"}}}],"id_record":"59e2268b5f36934344303eae","version":3,"__v":0},"threatStatusValue":"","habitats_version":null,"imageInfo":{"mainImage":"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Tayra3.jpg","thumbnailImage":"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Tayra3.jpg","source":"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tayra3.jpg","rightsHolder":"Greg Hume","license":"CC BY-SA"}},{"originAtomized":{"exotic":false,"invasive":false},"_id":"59e22e165f3693434430413f","creation_date":"2017-10-14T15:32:38.000Z","taxonRecordNameApprovedInUse":{"taxonRecordName":{"scientificName":{"canonicalName":{"simple":"Bassaricyon neblina"},"canonicalAuthorship":{"simple":"Helgen, Pinto, Kays, Helgen, Tsuchiya, Quinn, Wilson & Maldonado, 2013"}}}},"scientificNameSimple":"Bassaricyon neblina Helgen, Pinto, Kays, Helgen, Tsuchiya, Quinn, Wilson & Maldonado, 2013","commonNames":[{"language":"Inglés","name":"Olinguito"},{"language":"Español","name":"Olinguito"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Olinguito"},{"name":"olinguito"}],"fullDescriptionApprovedInUse":{"_id":"59e26a685f369343443047f5","__t":"FullDescriptionVersion","version":2,"id_record":"59e22e165f3693434430413f","id_user":"edgarestebanhc@gmail.com","fullDescription":{"_id":"59e26a685f369343443047f6","fullDescriptionAtomized":[],"fullDescriptionUnstructured":"Se distingue de las demás especies del género Bassaricyon por su tamaño corporal y craneal más pequeño. La longitud cabeza y cuerpo 325-400 mm, longitud cola 335-424 mm,  longitud del pie 60-86, longitud de la oreja 25-39, peso, 750-1100 g. Es una especie delgada y de patas cortas. Las orejas  se ubican en la parte baja de la cabeza y son más redondeadas, cortas y peludas q son más redondeadas que otras especies del género. La ola es proporcionalmente más cortas que en otras especies, más larga que el tamaño de la cabeza y el cuerpo, es peluda y más oscura en la punta, generalmente es recta hacia atrás y nunca prensil. El pelaje es más denso y largo que en las demás especies. El dorso es marrón o rufo mezclado con negro en las puntas del pelo. El vientre y garganta contrastan con el dorso, de tono crema o amarilloso. El hocico es mediano y puntiagudo, de color gris oscuro. Los ojos son grandes, redondos y de color marrón. Posee una bulla auditiva más reducida que las demás especies del género. El escudo palatal es más ancho y largo. Molares M1 y m1 proporcionalmente más grandes que en otras especies. Su fórmula dental es i 3/3, c 1/1, p 4/4, m 2/2, total 40.","ancillaryData":[]},"element":"fullDescription","created":"2017-10-14T19:50:00.000Z"},"threatStatusApprovedInUse":{"_id":"6561265cc6e55fb6c08bae8d","created":"2023-11-24T22:40:28.000Z","state":"approved_in_use","element":"threatStatus","id_user":"sib+ac@humboldt.org.co","threatStatus":[{"_id":"6561265cc6e55fb6c08bae92","threatStatusAtomized":{"threatCategory":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[],"measurementValue":"NT","measurementType":"UICN"},"_id":"6561265cc6e55fb6c08bae93","authority":["UICN"],"apendiceCITES":[],"appliesTo":{"country":"GLOBAL"}}}],"id_record":"59e22e165f3693434430413f","version":2,"__v":0},"threatStatusValue":"Casi amenazado (NT)","habitats_version":null,"imageInfo":{"mainImage":"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Olinguito_ZooKeys_324%2C_solo.jpg","thumbnailImage":"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Olinguito_ZooKeys_324%2C_solo.jpg","source":"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Olinguito_ZooKeys_324,_solo.jpg","rightsHolder":"Mark Gurney","license":"CC BY"}},{"originAtomized":{"exotic":false,"invasive":false},"_id":"59e26fb65f36934344304961","creation_date":"2017-10-14T20:12:38.000Z","taxonRecordNameApprovedInUse":{"taxonRecordName":{"scientificName":{"canonicalName":{"simple":"Noctilio leporinus"},"canonicalAuthorship":{"simple":" (Linnaeus, 1758)"}}}},"scientificNameSimple":"Noctilio leporinus (Linnaeus, 1758)","commonNames":[{"language":"Inglés","name":"Greater Bulldog Bat"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Greater Bulldog Bat"},{"name":"Greater Bulldog Bat"},{"language":"Español","name":"Murciélago-pescador mayor"},{"language":"Español","name":"Murciélago-pescador mayor"},{"name":"greater bulldog bat"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"greater bulldog bat"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"greater bulldog bat"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"greater bulldog bat"}],"fullDescriptionApprovedInUse":{"_id":"59e26fee5f3693434430497b","__t":"FullDescriptionVersion","version":1,"id_record":"59e26fb65f36934344304961","id_user":"edgarestebanhc@gmail.com","fullDescription":{"_id":"59e26fee5f3693434430497c","fullDescriptionAtomized":[],"fullDescriptionUnstructured":"Coloración del pelaje anaranjada, labio superior hendido, en forma de leporino, labio inferior normal, garras de las patas muy alargadas, cabeza y cuerpo mayor de 100 mm, antebrazo mayor de 70 mm, patas mayores de 25 mm, largo de las patas sobrepasa el largo de la cabeza, envergadura alar aproximadamente de 500 mm (Díaz et al., 2016)  longitud de los dientes maxilares mayores de 10 mm (Gardner, 2007) y más de 50 g. de peso (LaVal y Rodríguez 1997)","ancillaryData":[]},"element":"fullDescription","created":"2017-10-14T20:13:34.000Z"},"threatStatusApprovedInUse":{"_id":"6561270dc6e55fb6c08c2d3d","created":"2023-11-24T22:43:25.000Z","state":"approved_in_use","element":"threatStatus","id_user":"sib+ac@humboldt.org.co","threatStatus":[{"_id":"6561270dc6e55fb6c08c2d42","threatStatusAtomized":{"threatCategory":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[],"measurementValue":"LC","measurementType":"UICN"},"_id":"6561270dc6e55fb6c08c2d43","authority":["UICN"],"apendiceCITES":[],"appliesTo":{"country":"GLOBAL"}}}],"id_record":"59e26fb65f36934344304961","version":2,"__v":0},"threatStatusValue":"Preocupación menor (LC)","habitats_version":null,"imageInfo":{"mainImage":"https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/110044867/large.jpeg","thumbnailImage":"https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/110044867/large.jpeg","source":"","rightsHolder":"yvesbas","license":"CC BY"}},{"originAtomized":{"exotic":false,"invasive":false},"_id":"59e27ad75f36934344304bce","creation_date":"2017-10-14T21:00:07.000Z","taxonRecordNameApprovedInUse":{"taxonRecordName":{"scientificName":{"canonicalName":{"simple":"Bradypus variegatus"},"canonicalAuthorship":{"simple":"Schinz, 1825"}}}},"scientificNameSimple":"Bradypus variegatus Schinz, 1825","commonNames":[{"language":"Español","name":"Perezoso de tres dedos"},{"language":"Español","name":"Perezoso Bayo"},{"language":"Español","name":"Perezoso Grisaceo"},{"language":"Español","name":"Perezoso Tridactilo"},{"language":"Español","name":"Perico"},{"language":"Español","name":"Pelejo"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Brown-throated Three-toed Sloth"}],"fullDescriptionApprovedInUse":{"_id":"59e8caa75f3693434430c71a","__t":"FullDescriptionVersion","version":3,"id_record":"59e27ad75f36934344304bce","id_user":"edgarestebanhc@gmail.com","fullDescription":{"_id":"59e28baf5f36934344304ca3","fullDescriptionAtomized":[],"fullDescriptionUnstructured":"El cráneo de B. variegatus es más largo que el de B. tridactylus, con un promedio de longitud de 75.8 mm (65.1 - 87.4 mm). Al contrario sucede con el pico mandibular en B. variegatus es más corto que en B. tridactylus, con un promedio de 1.4 mm (0.04-3.6 mm, n= 108). No posee hueco anterodorsal en la nasofaringe.\nB. variegatus tiene la garganta y marcas faciales marrones más oscuras que B. tridactylus; en el cuello B. variegatus presenta poco pelo negro y largo (Gardner, 2008)","ancillaryData":[{"mediaURL":[],"agent":[],"reference":[{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Gardner, Alfred L"],"editors":[],"keywords":["Bradypus variegatus,Carollia perspicillata,Choloepus hoffmanni,Enchisthenes hartii,Eptesicus miradorensis,Mormoops megalophylla,Natalus tumidirostris,Platyrrhinus chocoensis,Priodontes maximus,Rhinophylla alethina,Rhynchonycteris naso,Vampyrum spectrum"],"year":"2008-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","profile_id":"","group_id":"","abstract":"","tags":"Bradypus variegatus,Carollia perspicillata,Choloepus hoffmanni,Enchisthenes hartii,Eptesicus miradorensis,Mormoops megalophylla,Natalus tumidirostris,Platyrrhinus chocoensis,Priodontes maximus,Rhinophylla alethina,Rhynchonycteris naso,Vampyrum spectrum","type":"book","source":"","title":"Mammals of South America, volume 1: marsupials, xenarthrans, shrews, and bats","volume":"","issue":"","series":"","chapter":"","websites":"","accessed":"","publisher":"University of Chicago Press","address":"","institution":"","isbn":"0226282406","_id":"59e41c2e5f36934344307f6f","pages":"669","last_modified":null,"created":null}],"dataType":"","mimeType":"","created":null,"modified":null,"title":"","license":"Atribución - No Comercial - Compartir igual (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)","rights":"","rightsHolder":"Sociedad Colombiana de Mastozoología","bibliographicCitation":"","source":"","description":"","thumbnailURL":"","location":"","geoPoint":"","additionalInformation":"","dataObject":"","_id":"59e8caa75f3693434430c71c","subject":[],"audience":[]}]},"element":"fullDescription","created":"2017-10-19T15:54:15.000Z"},"threatStatusApprovedInUse":{"_id":"656126f3c6e55fb6c08c1978","created":"2023-11-24T22:42:59.000Z","state":"approved_in_use","element":"threatStatus","id_user":"sib+ac@humboldt.org.co","threatStatus":[{"_id":"656126f3c6e55fb6c08c197d","threatStatusAtomized":{"threatCategory":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[]},"_id":"656126f3c6e55fb6c08c197e","authority":[],"apendiceCITES":["II"]}},{"_id":"656126f3c6e55fb6c08c197f","threatStatusAtomized":{"threatCategory":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[],"measurementValue":"LC","measurementType":"UICN"},"_id":"656126f3c6e55fb6c08c1980","authority":["UICN"],"apendiceCITES":[],"appliesTo":{"country":"GLOBAL"}}}],"id_record":"59e27ad75f36934344304bce","version":2,"__v":0},"threatStatusValue":"Preocupación menor (LC)","habitats_version":null,"imageInfo":{"mainImage":"https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/110733093/original.jpeg","thumbnailImage":"https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/110733093/original.jpeg","source":"","rightsHolder":"José Gabriel Julio Guzmán","license":"CC BY"}},{"originAtomized":{"exotic":false,"invasive":false},"_id":"59e28e975f36934344304d1c","creation_date":"2017-10-14T22:24:23.000Z","taxonRecordNameApprovedInUse":{"taxonRecordName":{"scientificName":{"canonicalName":{"simple":"Cebus capucinus"},"canonicalAuthorship":{"simple":" (Linnaeus, 1758)"}}}},"scientificNameSimple":"Cebus capucinus (Linnaeus, 1758)","commonNames":[{"language":"Español","name":"Mono capuchino"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"White-headed Capuchin"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Capuchin monkey"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"White-throated Capuchin"},{"language":"Español","name":"Mono capuchino"},{"language":"Español","name":"Maicerio o mono cariblanco, Mico negro. Missura, Aisura, Capuchin."},{"language":"Español","name":"Machin"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Colombian White-faced Capuchin"}],"fullDescriptionApprovedInUse":{"_id":"63b6020f2652e1ae79d9bbd6","__t":"FullDescriptionVersion","version":7,"id_record":"59e28e975f36934344304d1c","id_user":"sib@humboldt.org.co","fullDescription":{"_id":"59e292155f36934344304ebf","fullDescriptionAtomized":[],"fullDescriptionUnstructured":"Anteriormente, se consideraba que esta especie estaba distribuida desde Guatemala y Belice hasta el norte de Ecuador (Emmons & Feer, 1999), sin embargo, actualmente se sabe que la especie observada en Centro América correspondía a Cebus imitator, siendo independiente de Cebus capucinus (Rylands & Mittermeier, 2013). Estudios moleculares de genes mitocondriales y de ADN microsatélital de individuos presentes en Centroamérica y Colombia, sugieren que las poblaciones no están genéticamente diferenciadas y que se debe considerar una especie monotípica (Cebus capucinus) (Ruiz-García, et al. 2011; Ruiz-García & Castillo, 2016). \n\nPesa  entre los 1.5 Kg y los 4 Kg, Su cola es prensil de color negro, aunque la parte ventral de ella es algunas veces de color castaño. Extremidades (manos y pies) de color negruzco, cabeza de color blanco-amarillento, a excepción de la corona que, a manera de gorra, presenta pelaje negro. La cara es rojiza con pelos blancos dispersos. El pecho y la garganta son de color amarillento pálido, y el abdomen es de color negruzco con pelo poco denso (Defler, 2010).\n\nMedidas: LCC=335-453 mm, LC=350-551 mm, P=110-150, O=21-42 mm, peso=1,4-3,9 kg. Machos más grandes que las hembras.","ancillaryData":[{"mediaURL":[],"agent":[],"reference":[{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Defler, T. R."],"editors":[],"keywords":["Aotus lemurinus,Cebus capucinus"],"year":"2010-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","profile_id":"","group_id":"","abstract":"","tags":"Aotus lemurinus,Cebus capucinus","type":"book","source":"","title":"Historia natural de los primates colombianos","issue":"","series":"","chapter":"","websites":"","accessed":"","publisher":"Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biolog\\'ia","address":"","institution":"","isbn":"958719456X","_id":"59e41e4a5f3693434430803c","last_modified":null,"created":null},{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Emmons, L. H.","Feer, F."],"editors":[],"keywords":[""],"year":"1999-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","profile_id":"","group_id":"","abstract":"","tags":"","type":"book","source":"","title":"Mamíferos de los bosques húmedos de América Tropical, una guía de campo.","issue":"","series":"","chapter":"","websites":"","accessed":"","publisher":"","address":"","institution":"","_id":"63b6020f2652e1ae79d9bbdc","last_modified":null,"created":null},{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Ruiz-Garcia, M.","Castillo, M. I.","Ledezma, A.","Leguizamon, N.","Sánchez, R.","Chinchilla, M.","Gutierrez-Espeleta, G."],"editors":[],"keywords":["Molecular population genetics, Phylogeography, Cebus capucinus, Mitochondrial COII gene"],"year":"2012-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","profile_id":"","group_id":"","abstract":"We propose the first molecular systematic hypothesis for the origin and evolution of Cebus capucinus based on an analysis of 710 base pairs (bp) of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit II (COII) mitochondrial gene in 121 C. capucinus specimens sampled in the wild. The animals came from the borders of Guatemala and Belize, Costa Rica, and eight different departments of Colombia (Antioquia, Chocó, Sucre, Bolivar, Córdoba, Magdalena, Cauca, and Valle del Cauca). Three different and significant haplotype lineages were found in Colombia living sympatrically in the same departments. They all presented high levels of gene diversity but the third Colombian gene pool was determined likely to be the most ancestral lineage. The second Colombian mitochondrial (mt) haplogroup is likely the source of origin of the unique Central America mt haplogroup that was detected. Our molecular population genetics data do not agree with the existence of two well-defined subspecies in Central America (limitaneus and imitator). This Central America mt haplogroup showed significantly less genetic diversity than the Colombian mt haplogroups. All the C. capucinus analyzed showed evidence of historical population expansions. The temporal splits among these four C. capucinus lineages were related to the completion of the Panamanian land bridge as well as to climatic changes during the Quaternary Period. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.","tags":"","type":"article","source":"American Journal of Primatology","title":"Molecular systematics and phylogeography of Cebus capucinus (Cebidae, Primates) in Colombia and Costa Rica by means of the mitochondrial COII gene","volume":"74","issue":"","pages":"366--380","series":"","chapter":"","websites":"","accessed":"","publisher":"","address":"","institution":"","doi":"10.1002/ajp.20940","issn":"02752565","_id":"63b6020f2652e1ae79d9bbdb","last_modified":null,"created":null},{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Ruiz-García, M.","Castillo, M. I."],"editors":[],"keywords":[""],"year":"2016-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","profile_id":"","group_id":"","abstract":"We analyzed 54 white-throated capuchin (Cebus capucinus, Cebidae, Primates) from four different geographical regions (three in Colombia and one in Central America) for nine nuclear DNA microsatellites. This study is complementary to that of Ruiz-García et al., (2012), which showed the first molecular systematic study with mitochondrial data for this species. Our study revealed seven main findings. 1-Gene diversity for C. capucinus was medium to high but lower for the Central American population than for the Colombian ones for both kind of markers. 2-Although a large fraction of the microsatellites showed a neutral behavior, AP74 and D5S111 yielded some evidence of positive selection and D8S165 showed evidence of negative selection. 3-Genetic heterogeneity procedures support very limited genetic differentiation among the Colombian populations and a relatively more differentiated Central American population. 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Este es un roedor de tamaño mediano, con el cuerpo alargado y delgado. Su pelaje es brillante, grueso y denso, posee variaciones en la coloración y el tamaño del pelaje en la parte superior del cuerpo, presentando un color marrón a negruzco, con pequeñas bandas finas de color negro y un dorso parcialmente naranja pálido, hacia la parte ventral se observa una coloración blanca y un poco amarilla pálida. La coloración del rostro es más clara hacia los cachetes, exhibiendo un color amarillento, igualmente para la parte de los ojos. Posee orejas cortas y las patas traseras tienen tres dedos con garras en forma de pesuñas. Las vibrisas son gruesas, largas y de color negro. Las hembras tienen cuatro pares de mamas en posición ventral y los machos no poseen genitales expuestos. Sin dimorfismo sexual. 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Es la especie más grande del género\n\nRostro: No presenta hoja nasal, tiene orejas cortas y tubulares. En el mentón presenta un surco vertical poco profundo, rodeado de pailas. Presenta el órgano natálido* grande en forma de campana que cubre el área facial, el rostro (hocico) es largo y dorsiventralmente aplanado\n\nOrejas de 13-16.4mm\n\nAntebrazo: 35-42mm. En Colombia las hembras presentan el antebrazo más largo que los machos \n\nPelaje: Su color doral es amarillo pálido, siendo más obscuro el dorso que el vientre, el pelaje es largo de entre 7-9mm dorsalmente y 6-7mm ventralmente. Las mayores variaciones de color van de un color café pálido en el dorso a naranja claro en el vientre. El filamento dorsal es bicoloreado con las puntas más oscuras que el resto del filamento, el filamento ventral es monocoloreado. \n\nLas membranas alares son delgadas, el uropatagio es grande y delgado. El calcar es largo, ocupando cerca de la mitad del borde del uropatagio, y mantiene la tensión del patagio es cual presenta en el borde libre un margen con Pelos escasos. El uropatagio en sí es poco peludo y con listas transversales marcadas, la cola atraviesa ella membrana interfermoral y se encuentra inmersa, la cola es más corta que la longitud cabeza cuerpo (Goodwin y Greeenhall, 1961) (Muñoz 2001; Tejedor 2011) \n\nAlas: estas se unen a la tibia sobre el tobillo, las alas son amplias y ligeramente alargadas\n\nCráneo: Largo y estrecho. Con la caja craneana alta y globular, alzándose abruptamente sobre el rosto. El rostro es alargado y apunta hacia abajo. los huesos maxilares se hallan conspicuamente inflados de tal manera que la hilera dental superior no puede ser vista si el murciélago es visto desde arriba. Los huesos del palatino son contos y con emarginación posterior que se extiende hasta el molar central.\n\nLMC 15.5-17.3mm\n\nTibia 18.9-22-4mm\n\nW 4.3-8.9g\n\nDentición. Los incisivos centrales superiores son pequeños, bajos y sublinguales, los inferiores son trilobulados\nFD: 2/3; 1/1; 3/3; 3/3\n\nCariología\n2n: 36\nFN:54\n\nHistóricamente, Natalus tumidirostris fue reconocido en primera instancia por Cabrera (1957), y ratificado por Linares (1971) para la zona norte del Suramérica, lo cual se confirmó por el trabajo de Davalos (2005); adicionalmente la revisión de Gardner (2008) designa a Natalus tumidirostris como la única especie del género que habita en la zona norte de Sudamérica.\n\n*Órgano natalido: estructura grande con forma de campana sobre el hocico compuesto por células sensoriales y glandulares","ancillaryData":[]},"element":"fullDescription","created":"2017-10-15T13:12:18.000Z"},"threatStatusApprovedInUse":{"_id":"656126d8c6e55fb6c08c06b6","created":"2023-11-24T22:42:32.000Z","state":"approved_in_use","element":"threatStatus","id_user":"sib+ac@humboldt.org.co","threatStatus":[{"_id":"656126d8c6e55fb6c08c06bb","threatStatusAtomized":{"threatCategory":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[],"measurementValue":"LC","measurementType":"UICN"},"_id":"656126d8c6e55fb6c08c06bc","authority":["UICN"],"apendiceCITES":[],"appliesTo":{"country":"GLOBAL"}}}],"id_record":"59e35e885f36934344306162","version":2,"__v":0},"threatStatusValue":"Preocupación menor (LC)","habitats_version":null,"imageInfo":{"mainImage":"https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/1322771/original.jpg","thumbnailImage":"https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/1322771/original.jpg","source":"","rightsHolder":"Geoffrey Gomes","license":"CC BY-NC"}},{"originAtomized":{"exotic":false,"invasive":false},"_id":"59e368e45f36934344306478","creation_date":"2017-10-15T13:55:48.000Z","taxonRecordNameApprovedInUse":{"taxonRecordName":{"scientificName":{"canonicalName":{"simple":"Physeter macrocephalus"},"canonicalAuthorship":{"simple":"Linnaeus, 1758"}}}},"scientificNameSimple":"Physeter macrocephalus Linnaeus, 1758","commonNames":[{"name":"Cachalote"},{"name":"Cachalote"},{"name":"Catxalot"},{"name":"Katxalotea"},{"name":"Potvis"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Sperm Whale"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Sperm Whale"},{"name":"抹香鯨"},{"name":"抹香鯨"},{"name":"potvis"},{"name":"Pottfisch"},{"name":"Pottwal"},{"name":"adagig"},{"name":"aggadakhgik"},{"language":"Arabic","name":"anbar"},{"name":"bahran"},{"language":"Sindhi","name":"bahran"},{"language":"Español","name":"ballena esperma"},{"language":"Norwegian","name":"bardhvalur"},{"language":"Russian","name":"bolshoi plavun"}],"fullDescriptionApprovedInUse":{"_id":"59e36a305f3693434430655c","__t":"FullDescriptionVersion","version":1,"id_record":"59e368e45f36934344306478","id_user":"edgarestebanhc@gmail.com","fullDescription":{"_id":"59e36a305f3693434430655d","fullDescriptionAtomized":[],"fullDescriptionUnstructured":"Longitud cuerpo: 11 (♀) -16m (♂), peso: 15 (♀) -45 (♂) toneladas, cabeza cuadrada y larga (1/3 longitud del cuerpo), con frente protuberante, con pliegues cortos en la garganta, 20-26 dientes en la mandíbula inferior, orificio respiratorio hacia el lado izquierdo. Aleta dorsal baja con extremo redondeado o triangular, aletas pectorales cortas, gruesas y redondeadas.  Presenta arrugas sobre su dorso y serie de crestas en lugar de una aleta dorsal, cola triangular con escotadura marcada. En la parte anterior de su cabeza se encuentra el órgano espermaceti (compuesto de ceras líquidas) cuya función es de lastre biológico (regulando la flotabilidad), ecolocalización y comunicación.","ancillaryData":[]},"element":"fullDescription","created":"2017-10-15T14:01:20.000Z"},"threatStatusApprovedInUse":{"_id":"65612694c6e55fb6c08bd4b8","created":"2023-11-24T22:41:24.000Z","state":"approved_in_use","element":"threatStatus","id_user":"sib+ac@humboldt.org.co","threatStatus":[{"_id":"65612694c6e55fb6c08bd4bd","threatStatusAtomized":{"threatCategory":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[]},"_id":"65612694c6e55fb6c08bd4be","authority":[],"apendiceCITES":["I"]}},{"_id":"65612694c6e55fb6c08bd4bf","threatStatusAtomized":{"threatCategory":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[],"measurementValue":"VU","measurementType":"UICN"},"_id":"65612694c6e55fb6c08bd4c0","authority":["UICN"],"apendiceCITES":[],"appliesTo":{"country":"GLOBAL"}}},{"_id":"65612694c6e55fb6c08bd4c1","threatStatusAtomized":{"threatCategory":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[],"measurementValue":"VU","measurementType":"MADS"},"_id":"65612694c6e55fb6c08bd4c2","authority":["MINISTERIO DE AMBIENTE Y DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE"],"apendiceCITES":[],"appliesTo":{"country":"Nacional"}}}],"id_record":"59e368e45f36934344306478","version":2,"__v":0},"threatStatusValue":"Vulnerable (VU)","habitats_version":null,"imageInfo":{"mainImage":"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Mother_and_baby_sperm_whale.jpg","thumbnailImage":"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Mother_and_baby_sperm_whale.jpg","source":"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mother_and_baby_sperm_whale.jpg","rightsHolder":"Gabriel Barathieu","license":"CC BY-SA"}},{"originAtomized":{"exotic":false,"invasive":false},"_id":"59e370985f36934344306671","creation_date":"2017-10-15T14:28:40.000Z","taxonRecordNameApprovedInUse":{"taxonRecordName":{"scientificName":{"canonicalName":{"simple":"Sciurus igniventris"},"canonicalAuthorship":{"simple":"Wagner, 1842"}}}},"scientificNameSimple":"Sciurus igniventris Wagner, 1842","commonNames":[{"name":"North Amazonan red squirrel"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Northern Amazon Red Squirrel"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Northern Amazon Red Squirrel"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Northern Amazon Red Squirrel"},{"name":"Northern Amazon red squirrel"},{"language":"Finnish","name":"Pohjoisamazonianorava"},{"language":"French","name":"écureuil roux du Nord de l'Amazonie"},{"language":"Ossetian; Ossetic","name":"Esquirol Rós del Nord d'Amazonia"}],"fullDescriptionApprovedInUse":{"_id":"59e3d5845f369343443074b1","__t":"FullDescriptionVersion","version":1,"id_record":"59e370985f36934344306671","id_user":"edgarestebanhc@gmail.com","fullDescription":{"_id":"59e3d5845f369343443074b2","fullDescriptionAtomized":[],"fullDescriptionUnstructured":"Ardilla colorada norte amazónica común, presenta tonalidad variable, en la parte dorsal predominan los colores como el café, negro, naranja o rojizo. La zona ventral presenta coloración blanca, sin embargo el pelo de esa zona es naranja a rojizo, además una pequeña parte ventral cerca a la base de la cola presenta poco pelaje. Las orejas son grandes y la cola es larga peluda cilíndrica no más larga que el tronco, presenta coloración variable, el patrón de coloración es negro desde la base hasta una tercera parte de ella y el resto en su mayoría es rojo a rojizo hasta la punta, las patas no poseen membrana interdigital (Martínez-Ceballos, 2014).","ancillaryData":[]},"element":"fullDescription","created":"2017-10-15T21:39:16.000Z"},"habitats_version":null,"imageInfo":{"mainImage":"https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/95201495/original.jpg","thumbnailImage":"https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/95201495/original.jpg","source":"","rightsHolder":"Fernando","license":"CC BY-ND"},"threatStatusApprovedInUse":{"_id":"65612718c6e55fb6c08c34f8","created":"2023-11-24T22:43:36.000Z","state":"approved_in_use","element":"threatStatus","id_user":"sib+ac@humboldt.org.co","threatStatus":[{"_id":"65612718c6e55fb6c08c34fd","threatStatusAtomized":{"threatCategory":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[],"measurementValue":"LC","measurementType":"UICN"},"_id":"65612718c6e55fb6c08c34fe","authority":["UICN"],"apendiceCITES":[],"appliesTo":{"country":"GLOBAL"}}}],"id_record":"59e370985f36934344306671","version":1,"__v":0}},{"originAtomized":{"exotic":false,"invasive":false},"_id":"59e370f75f369343443066f4","creation_date":"2017-10-15T14:30:15.000Z","taxonRecordNameApprovedInUse":{"taxonRecordName":{"scientificName":{"canonicalName":{"simple":"Tapirus pinchaque"},"canonicalAuthorship":{"simple":" (Roulin, 1829)"}}}},"scientificNameSimple":"Tapirus pinchaque (Roulin, 1829)","commonNames":[{"language":"Inglés","name":"Mountain Tapir"},{"name":"Mountain Tapir"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Mountain Tapir"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Mountain Tapir"},{"name":"Roulin's Tapir"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Woolly Tapir"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Woolly Tapir"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"mountain tapir"},{"name":"mountain tapir"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Mountain Tapir"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Woolly Tapir"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Andean Tapir"},{"language":"French","name":"Tapir pinchaque"},{"language":"French","name":"Tapir des Andes"},{"language":"Español","name":"Danta cordillerana"},{"language":"Español","name":"Danta negra"},{"language":"Español","name":"Tapir andino"},{"language":"Español","name":"Pinchaque"},{"language":"Español","name":"Danta lanuda"},{"language":"Swedish","name":"bergstapir"},{"language":"Dutch; Flemish","name":"Bergtapir"},{"name":"Danta de Páramo"},{"language":"Español","name":"Gran bestia"}],"fullDescriptionApprovedInUse":{"_id":"59e388785f36934344306aa0","__t":"FullDescriptionVersion","version":2,"id_record":"59e370f75f369343443066f4","id_user":"edgarestebanhc@gmail.com","fullDescription":{"_id":"59e388785f36934344306aa1","fullDescriptionAtomized":[],"fullDescriptionUnstructured":"Tapirus pinchaque es la especie más pequeña de su género. Su cuerpo es robusto y de color marrón negruzco tanto en el dorso como en el vientre. Su pelaje es denso y posee un vellón lanudo muy cerrado, largo y abundante generalmente negro, pues a este animal le puede servir como adaptación al clima frío de montaña. Las mejillas pueden ser de color claro, incluso gris o ceniza (Eigener 1954, Gray 1872; Schauenberg 1969; Padilla et. al., 2010) l labio superior es a manera de probóscide prensil, donde se destaca un borde blanco alrededor de la comisura de la boca, la extensión de dicho borde puede variar entre individuos; en algunos se encuentra en toda la boca y en otros aparece sólo en las comisuras (Schauenberg 1969; Padilla et. al., 2010). Las orejas son peludas y de color negruzco y con el borde exterior de color blanco. Ojos pequeños y de color negro. La cola es corta y se afina hacia la punta. Las extremidades anteriores y posteriores son largas con cuatro y tres dedos respectivamente (Lizcano y Cavelier, 2004; Padilla et al., 2010).\nEl peso del animal se da sobre las pesuñas, las cuales presentan unas franjas blancas en la base.  Las crías presentan una coloración castaño rojizo con manchas blancas que le ayudan a camuflarse entre la vegetación. La cabeza es plana dorsalmente y no tiene cresta o crin, usualmente la grupa presenta uno o dos parches desprovistos de pelo a manera de callosidad en individuos adultos.\nTiene una longitud de cabeza y cuerpo de 1800-2000mm, longitud de la cola 50-100mm, longitud de la pata 310-433mm, longitud de la oreja 170mm, y tiene una alzada de 750 a 900 mm.  Los adultos pueden tener un peso de 90 hasta 250 kg y por lo general las hembras son más grandes que los machos.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 \nLa fórmula dental es i 3/3, c 1/1, p 4/3-4, m 3/3, total 42-44.","ancillaryData":[]},"element":"fullDescription","created":"2017-10-15T16:10:32.000Z"},"threatStatusApprovedInUse":{"_id":"656126a6c6e55fb6c08be2b2","created":"2023-11-24T22:41:42.000Z","state":"approved_in_use","element":"threatStatus","id_user":"sib+ac@humboldt.org.co","threatStatus":[{"_id":"656126a6c6e55fb6c08be2b7","threatStatusAtomized":{"threatCategory":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[]},"_id":"656126a6c6e55fb6c08be2b8","authority":[],"apendiceCITES":["I"]}},{"_id":"656126a6c6e55fb6c08be2b9","threatStatusAtomized":{"threatCategory":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[],"measurementValue":"EN","measurementType":"UICN"},"_id":"656126a6c6e55fb6c08be2ba","authority":["UICN"],"apendiceCITES":[],"appliesTo":{"country":"GLOBAL"}}},{"_id":"656126a6c6e55fb6c08be2bb","threatStatusAtomized":{"threatCategory":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[],"measurementValue":"EN","measurementType":"MADS"},"_id":"656126a6c6e55fb6c08be2bc","authority":["MINISTERIO DE AMBIENTE Y DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE"],"apendiceCITES":[],"appliesTo":{"country":"Nacional"}}}],"id_record":"59e370f75f369343443066f4","version":4,"__v":0},"threatStatusValue":"","habitats_version":{"_id":"656126a6c6e55fb6c08be2b2","created":"2023-11-24T22:41:42.000Z","state":"approved_in_use","element":"habitats","id_user":"sib+ac@humboldt.org.co","habitats":{"_id":"656126a6c6e55fb6c08be2be","habitatAtomized":[{"_id":"656126a6c6e55fb6c08be2bf","measurementOrFact":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[],"_id":"656126a6c6e55fb6c08be2c0","measurementValue":"Páramos"}},{"_id":"656126a6c6e55fb6c08be2c1","measurementOrFact":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[],"_id":"656126a6c6e55fb6c08be2c2","measurementValue":"Humedales_Ciénagas"}}]},"id_record":"59e370f75f369343443066f4","version":1,"__v":0},"imageInfo":{"mainImage":"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Tapirus_pinchaque_portrait.jpg","thumbnailImage":"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Tapirus_pinchaque_portrait.jpg","source":"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tapirus_pinchaque_portrait.jpg","rightsHolder":"David Sifry","license":"CC BY"}},{"originAtomized":{"exotic":false,"invasive":false},"_id":"59e41fca5f369343443080da","creation_date":"2017-10-16T02:56:10.000Z","taxonRecordNameApprovedInUse":{"taxonRecordName":{"scientificName":{"canonicalName":{"simple":"Cuniculus paca"},"canonicalAuthorship":{"simple":" (Linnaeus, 1766)"}}}},"scientificNameSimple":"Cuniculus paca (Linnaeus, 1766)","commonNames":[{"language":"Inglés","name":"Lowland Paca"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Spotted Paca"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Agouti"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Paca"},{"language":"Español","name":"Paca"},{"language":"Español","name":"Agouti"}],"fullDescriptionApprovedInUse":{"_id":"59e41fee5f36934344308130","__t":"FullDescriptionVersion","version":1,"id_record":"59e41fca5f369343443080da","id_user":"edgarestebanhc@gmail.com","fullDescription":{"_id":"59e41fee5f36934344308131","fullDescriptionAtomized":[],"fullDescriptionUnstructured":"Longitud total 616-775mm, Longitud de la cola 12-32mm, Longitud de las patas traseras 103-107 mm, Longitud de la oreja 43-56 mm, peso 5-13 Kg. El cuerpo presenta una coloración rojo castaño, la parte dorso-ventral es de color marrón oscuro y a menudo se forman líneas desde el cuello hasta la parte posterior del cuerpo, que están fusionadas por puntos grandes de color blanco, presentando tres o cuatro líneas laterales. La parte inferior de las mejillas, el cuello, el pecho y el vientre son de color blanco crema. El pelo es de textura dura, corto y escaso en todo el cuerpo incluyendo el rostro. El cráneo posee el hueso cigomático de forma abultada y textura rugosa. Ojos grandes y pardos obscuros. Rinario desnudo y pardo con vibrisas largas y gruesas. Las patas traseras son alargadas y tienen cinco dedos claramente diferenciados; los tres centrales son más grandes que los otros dos. Cola apenas visible, oculta entre el pelaje posterior a la grupa. Vientre blanco o crema, incluido en pecho, garganta, cachetes y barbilla. El cráneo posee una placa cigomática de forma abultada y textura rugosa. Su fórmula dentaria es i 5/4, c 1/1, p 3/3, m 4/4 (Emmons & Feer 1997, Navarro & Muñoz 200, Patton et al. 2015).","ancillaryData":[]},"element":"fullDescription","created":"2017-10-16T02:56:46.000Z"},"threatStatusApprovedInUse":{"_id":"656126fbc6e55fb6c08c1fc3","created":"2023-11-24T22:43:07.000Z","state":"approved_in_use","element":"threatStatus","id_user":"sib+ac@humboldt.org.co","threatStatus":[{"_id":"656126fbc6e55fb6c08c1fc8","threatStatusAtomized":{"threatCategory":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[]},"_id":"656126fbc6e55fb6c08c1fc9","authority":[],"apendiceCITES":["III"]}},{"_id":"656126fbc6e55fb6c08c1fca","threatStatusAtomized":{"threatCategory":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[],"measurementValue":"LC","measurementType":"UICN"},"_id":"656126fbc6e55fb6c08c1fcb","authority":["UICN"],"apendiceCITES":[],"appliesTo":{"country":"GLOBAL"}}}],"id_record":"59e41fca5f369343443080da","version":3,"__v":0},"threatStatusValue":"","habitats_version":null,"imageInfo":{"mainImage":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Brazilian_Paca.JPG","thumbnailImage":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Brazilian_Paca.JPG","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=39566343","rightsHolder":"RonaldoSCouto","license":"CC BY-SA"}},{"originAtomized":{"exotic":false,"invasive":false},"_id":"59e4db485f3693434430888e","creation_date":"2017-10-16T16:16:08.000Z","taxonRecordNameApprovedInUse":{"taxonRecordName":{"scientificName":{"canonicalName":{"simple":"Coendou vestitus"},"canonicalAuthorship":{"simple":"Thomas, 1899"}}}},"scientificNameSimple":"Coendou vestitus Thomas, 1899","commonNames":[{"language":"Inglés","name":"Brown Hairy Dwarf Porcupine"}],"fullDescriptionApprovedInUse":{"_id":"59e4db765f369343443088a1","__t":"FullDescriptionVersion","version":1,"id_record":"59e4db485f3693434430888e","id_user":"edgarestebanhc@gmail.com","fullDescription":{"_id":"59e4db765f369343443088a2","fullDescriptionAtomized":[],"fullDescriptionUnstructured":"Es uno de los puercoespines más pequeños. Longitud cabeza y cuerpo: 330-370 mm; longitud de la cola: 170-195 mm; longitud del pie: 56-63 mm (Voss & da Silva, 2001; Voss, 2015).\n\nSu cuerpo está recubierto de tres tipos de pelo: pelaje suave (finos pelos ondulados), espinas y cerdas espinosas (Voss & da Silva, 2001). El pelaje dorsal es abundante y relativamente largo (hasta 70-80 mm), de color amarillento hasta opaco (marrón uniforme o negruzco). La parte ventral está cubierta por abundantes pelos suaves y uniformes de color café oscuro, ligeramente más claros que los del dorso (Voss & da Silva, 2001; Alberico & Moreno, 2006). El pelaje es más corto en los costados laterales pero suficiente para ocultar sus espinas excepto en el rostro, donde las espinas se pueden ver a través del pelaje. Las espinas varían de 25 a 35 mm y son bicolor entre amarillo pálido o blanco marfil basal y marrón o negruzco en su parte distal (Voss & da Silva, 2001; Alberico & Moreno, 2006). Las cerdas espinosas son largas hasta 70 cm, de color amarillo pálido en la base y el resto negro (Alberico & Moreno, 2006).\n\nLa cola es corta; en la mitad proximal presenta espinas y cerdas espinosas, pero en la punta es prensil, desnuda y callosa. La superficie de las manos y los pies está densamente cubierta con pelos gruesos color marrón similar al color del dorso del animal (Voss & da Silva, 2001; Alberico & Moreno, 2006).\n\nEn su hocico tiene vibrisas mistacales largas de color negro; también presenta vibrisas supraorbitales (superciliares), genales y submentales. Adicionalmente, exhibe vibrisas postcraneales entre el codo y la muñeca, entre el miembro posterior entre la rodilla y el tobillo; también en la superficie ventral del cuerpo entre extremidad anterior y posterior (Voss & da Silva, 2001).","ancillaryData":[]},"element":"fullDescription","created":"2017-10-16T16:16:54.000Z"},"threatStatusApprovedInUse":{"_id":"656126c8c6e55fb6c08bfae5","created":"2023-11-24T22:42:16.000Z","state":"approved_in_use","element":"threatStatus","id_user":"sib+ac@humboldt.org.co","threatStatus":[{"_id":"656126c8c6e55fb6c08bfaea","threatStatusAtomized":{"threatCategory":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[],"measurementValue":"DD","measurementType":"UICN"},"_id":"656126c8c6e55fb6c08bfaeb","authority":["UICN"],"apendiceCITES":[],"appliesTo":{"country":"GLOBAL"}}},{"_id":"656126c8c6e55fb6c08bfaec","threatStatusAtomized":{"threatCategory":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[],"measurementValue":"VU","measurementType":"MADS"},"_id":"656126c8c6e55fb6c08bfaed","authority":["MINISTERIO DE AMBIENTE Y DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE"],"apendiceCITES":[],"appliesTo":{"country":"Nacional"}}}],"id_record":"59e4db485f3693434430888e","version":2,"__v":0},"threatStatusValue":"Datos insuficientes (DD)","habitats_version":null,"imageInfo":{"mainImage":"https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/165890985/original.jpeg","thumbnailImage":"https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/165890985/original.jpeg","source":"","rightsHolder":"Angy Mendoza","license":"CC BY-NC-ND"}},{"originAtomized":{"exotic":false,"invasive":false},"_id":"59e5084c5f369343443089a5","creation_date":"2017-10-16T19:28:12.000Z","taxonRecordNameApprovedInUse":{"taxonRecordName":{"scientificName":{"canonicalName":{"simple":"Thyroptera tricolor"},"canonicalAuthorship":{"simple":"Spix, 1823"}}}},"scientificNameSimple":"Thyroptera tricolor Spix, 1823","commonNames":[{"language":"Inglés","name":"Spix's Disk-winged Bat"},{"name":"Spix's Disk-winged Bat"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Spix's Disk-winged Bat"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Spix's Disk-winged Bat"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Spix's disk-winged bat"},{"name":"Spix's disk-winged bat"}],"fullDescriptionApprovedInUse":{"_id":"5a00e488b255d98254bc9b88","__t":"FullDescriptionVersion","version":3,"id_record":"59e5084c5f369343443089a5","id_user":"edgarestebanhc@gmail.com","fullDescription":{"_id":"59e5088a5f369343443089ba","fullDescriptionAtomized":[],"fullDescriptionUnstructured":"Longitud total del cráneo 14.2-15.7 mm, longitud del condiloincisivo 13.3-14.4 mm, longitud de la linea de dientes del maxilar 5.4-6.3 mm, longitud de la mandíbula 10.1.11.3 mm, ancho del interorbital 2.5-2.8 mm, largo de la linea de dientes mandibular 5.4-6.4 mm, ancho de la bóveda craneana 6.9-7.6 mm, distancia entre molares superiores 4.9-5.4 mm, largo del antebrazo 33.5-38.2 mm; posee ventosas en las muñecas y los tobillos; pelaje largo, liso y unicoloreado, pálido en el vientre y marrón oscuro en el dorso. \n\nCalcáneo con dos proyecciones bien desarrolladas, plagiopatagio con líneas transversales. Primer par de incisivos superiores sin concavidades, tercer par de incisivos inferiores mayores que los otros pares de incisivos pero sin cúspides desarrolladas. La formula dentaria es I 2/3 C 1/1 P 3/3 M 3/3, Total 38.\n\nThyroptera tricolor fue descrita por Spix en 1926, con localidad tipo “ad littora fluminis Ámazonum”, Brazil, restringida para el Río Amazonas Bajo por Husson (1962). Wilson (2008) reconoce tres subespecies de T. tricolor: T. t. juquiaensis, conocida únicamente por su holotipo, proveniente de Brasil; T. t. tricolor, restringida para la cuenca amazónica de Brasil, Perú, y el escudo guyanés de Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam y Guyana Francesa; y T. t. albiventer, distribuida desde México hasta las tierras bajas de Colombia y Ecuador.","ancillaryData":[]},"element":"fullDescription","created":"2017-11-06T22:39:04.000Z"},"threatStatusApprovedInUse":{"_id":"6561271cc6e55fb6c08c37df","created":"2023-11-24T22:43:40.000Z","state":"approved_in_use","element":"threatStatus","id_user":"sib+ac@humboldt.org.co","threatStatus":[{"_id":"6561271cc6e55fb6c08c37e4","threatStatusAtomized":{"threatCategory":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[],"measurementValue":"LC","measurementType":"UICN"},"_id":"6561271cc6e55fb6c08c37e5","authority":["UICN"],"apendiceCITES":[],"appliesTo":{"country":"GLOBAL"}}}],"id_record":"59e5084c5f369343443089a5","version":2,"__v":0},"threatStatusValue":"Preocupación menor (LC)","habitats_version":null,"imageInfo":{"mainImage":"https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/130199038/large.jpeg","thumbnailImage":"https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/130199038/large.jpeg","source":"","rightsHolder":"tania_fiol","license":"CC BY"}},{"_id":"59e51cbb5f36934344308b4f","creation_date":"2017-10-16T20:55:23.000Z","taxonRecordNameApprovedInUse":{"taxonRecordName":{"scientificName":{"canonicalName":{"simple":"Cyclopes didactylus"},"canonicalAuthorship":{"simple":" (Linnaeus, 1758)"}}}},"scientificNameSimple":"Cyclopes didactylus (Linnaeus, 1758)"},{"_id":"59e51cbb5f36934344308b53","creation_date":"2017-10-16T20:55:23.000Z","taxonRecordNameApprovedInUse":{"taxonRecordName":{"scientificName":{"canonicalName":{"simple":"Cyclopes didactylus"},"canonicalAuthorship":{"simple":" (Linnaeus, 1758)"}}}},"scientificNameSimple":"Cyclopes didactylus (Linnaeus, 1758)"},{"originAtomized":{"exotic":false,"invasive":false},"_id":"59e51cbb5f36934344308b57","creation_date":"2017-10-16T20:55:23.000Z","taxonRecordNameApprovedInUse":{"taxonRecordName":{"scientificName":{"canonicalName":{"simple":"Cyclopes didactylus"},"canonicalAuthorship":{"simple":" (Linnaeus, 1758)"}}}},"scientificNameSimple":"Cyclopes didactylus (Linnaeus, 1758)","commonNames":[{"language":"Inglés","name":"Silky Anteater"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Pygmy Anteater"},{"language":"Español","name":"Osito melero"},{"language":"Español","name":"Hormiguero pigmeo"},{"language":"Español","name":"Hormiguero de seda"}],"fullDescriptionApprovedInUse":{"_id":"6018b6f02beb79df4e34a5e7","__t":"FullDescriptionVersion","version":4,"id_record":"59e51cbb5f36934344308b57","id_user":"sib@humboldt.org.co","fullDescription":{"_id":"59e51d5f5f36934344308bd5","fullDescriptionAtomized":[],"fullDescriptionUnstructured":"Longitud de cabeza y cuerpo 154–210 mm, longitud de la cola 165–295 mm, longitud del pie 25–50 mm, peso 155-400 g, orejas pequeñas no visibles a simple vista por estar cubiertas por el pelaje. De tamaño pequeño, siendo el hormiguero más pequeño. Se caracteriza por tener una cabeza corta cubierta completamente por pelaje gris o amarillo-naranja con una raya dorsal. Su hocico es largo, posee dos garras en las extremidades anteriores y cuatro en las posteriores, las cuales utiliza para romper los nidos de hormigas y termitas. Cola larga y prensil, cubierta de abundante pelaje.","ancillaryData":[]},"element":"fullDescription","created":"2021-02-02T02:20:32.000Z"},"threatStatusApprovedInUse":{"_id":"656126fbc6e55fb6c08c2010","created":"2023-11-24T22:43:07.000Z","state":"approved_in_use","element":"threatStatus","id_user":"sib+ac@humboldt.org.co","threatStatus":[{"_id":"656126fbc6e55fb6c08c2015","threatStatusAtomized":{"threatCategory":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[],"measurementValue":"LC","measurementType":"UICN"},"_id":"656126fbc6e55fb6c08c2016","authority":["UICN"],"apendiceCITES":[],"appliesTo":{"country":"GLOBAL"}}}],"id_record":"59e51cbb5f36934344308b57","version":2,"__v":0},"threatStatusValue":"Preocupación menor (LC)","habitats_version":null,"imageInfo":{"mainImage":"https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/100242824/large.jpeg","thumbnailImage":"https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/100242824/large.jpeg","source":"","rightsHolder":"nicholasmohammed","license":"CC BY"}},{"originAtomized":{"exotic":false,"invasive":false},"_id":"59e521f45f36934344308ce1","creation_date":"2017-10-16T21:17:40.000Z","taxonRecordNameApprovedInUse":{"taxonRecordName":{"scientificName":{"canonicalName":{"simple":"Uroderma bakeri"},"canonicalAuthorship":{"simple":"Mantilla-Meluk, 2014"}}}},"scientificNameSimple":"Uroderma bakeri Mantilla-Meluk, 2014","commonNames":[{"language":"Inglés","name":"Baker's Tent-making Bat"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Baker's Tent-making Bat"}],"fullDescriptionApprovedInUse":{"_id":"59e522105f36934344308cef","__t":"FullDescriptionVersion","version":1,"id_record":"59e521f45f36934344308ce1","id_user":"edgarestebanhc@gmail.com","fullDescription":{"_id":"59e522105f36934344308cf0","fullDescriptionAtomized":[],"fullDescriptionUnstructured":"Longitud de cabeza y cuerpo 50-68mm, sin cola, longitud del pie 12-15mm, longitud de la oreja 14-23mm, longitud del antebrazo 42-43mm, peso 15-25g.\nDe tamaño mediano. Dorsalmente de color grisáceo o café sombreado con una línea blanca conspicua. La parte ventral ligeramente pálida. El pelaje es corto (5-6mm). Las orejas son de tamaño mediano, triangulares y redondeadas. Posee dos líneas blancas bien contrastadas en la cara. La hoja nasal es lanceolada más ancha que alta y pueden ser de color más claro y/o amarillento en su borde. La membrana caudal en su extensión y borde es desnuda.","ancillaryData":[]},"element":"fullDescription","created":"2017-10-16T21:18:08.000Z"},"habitats_version":null,"imageInfo":{"mainImage":"https://images.phylopic.org/images/f83ca112-7d67-4852-acb0-c10ada610e66/raster/1024x423.png","thumbnailImage":"https://images.phylopic.org/images/f83ca112-7d67-4852-acb0-c10ada610e66/raster/1024x423.png","source":"https://www.phylopic.org/images/f83ca112-7d67-4852-acb0-c10ada610e66","rightsHolder":"Melissa Ingala","license":"CC BY"},"threatStatusApprovedInUse":null},{"originAtomized":{"exotic":false,"invasive":false},"_id":"59e523ae5f36934344308df0","creation_date":"2017-10-16T21:25:02.000Z","taxonRecordNameApprovedInUse":{"taxonRecordName":{"scientificName":{"canonicalName":{"simple":"Tamandua mexicana"},"canonicalAuthorship":{"simple":" (Saussure, 1860)"}}}},"scientificNameSimple":"Tamandua mexicana (Saussure, 1860)","commonNames":[{"language":"Español","name":"Tamandua"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Mexican collared anteater"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Northern tamandua"},{"name":"Nördlicher Tamandua"},{"language":"Danish","name":"tamandu-myresluger"},{"language":"German","name":"Kleiner Ameisenbär"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Tamandua"},{"language":"Finnish","name":"Tamandua"},{"language":"French","name":"Tamandua"},{"language":"Italian","name":"Tamandua"},{"language":"Swedish","name":"nordlig tamandua"},{"language":"Swedish","name":"nordlig trädmyrslok"},{"language":"Dutch; Flemish","name":"Boommiereneter"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Ant bear"},{"language":"Español","name":"Oso hormiguero común"},{"language":"Español","name":"Brazo fuerte"},{"language":"Español","name":"Oso mielero"}],"fullDescriptionApprovedInUse":{"_id":"607da09ad473737f6d041fba","__t":"FullDescriptionVersion","version":3,"id_record":"59e523ae5f36934344308df0","id_user":"sib@humboldt.org.co","fullDescription":{"_id":"59e524475f36934344308e39","fullDescriptionAtomized":[],"fullDescriptionUnstructured":"Longitud cabeza y cuerpo: 1020-1300 mm, longitud de la cola 400-675 mm; longitud del pie 80-110, peso corporal promedio entre 3.2 a 5.4 kg.  Longitud total del cráneo 114.8 - 138.9 mm, longitud de mandíbula 101.9-107.4 mmm, longitud condilobasal 117.7 – 131.1, longitud nasal 46-50 mm. \n\nSe distingue por su cráneo alargado, de aspecto tubular y desprovisto de dientes, pequeñas y redondeadas orejas, ojos pequeños, y cola prensil. La coloración de su pelaje es particular; presenta un parche negro en forma de chaleco sobre los hombros que se dirige hacia atrás, siendo el resto -a excepción de las extremidades desprovistas de pelo- de un color amarillo pálido de intensidad variable según la zona geográfica. \n\nNo presentan dimorfismo sexual, y los adultos se pueden distinguir de los juveniles por el tener el chaleco negro más marcado. Sus extremidades son relativamente largas en relación al tamaño corporal, tiene cinco dedos en las extremidades posteriores y cuatro dígitos en las extremidades anteriores, con una enorme garra que sobresale en el dedo medio de las extremidades delanteras. \n\nSe diferencia de Tamandua tetradactyla porque presenta yugales cortos, cuatro pares de agujeros orbitales y una media luna completa en el borde posterior del agujero infraorbitario.","ancillaryData":[]},"element":"fullDescription","created":"2021-04-19T15:24:10.000Z"},"threatStatusApprovedInUse":{"_id":"656126a6c6e55fb6c08be269","created":"2023-11-24T22:41:42.000Z","state":"approved_in_use","element":"threatStatus","id_user":"sib+ac@humboldt.org.co","threatStatus":[{"_id":"656126a6c6e55fb6c08be26e","threatStatusAtomized":{"threatCategory":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[]},"_id":"656126a6c6e55fb6c08be26f","authority":[],"apendiceCITES":["III"]}},{"_id":"656126a6c6e55fb6c08be270","threatStatusAtomized":{"threatCategory":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[],"measurementValue":"LC","measurementType":"UICN"},"_id":"656126a6c6e55fb6c08be271","authority":["UICN"],"apendiceCITES":[],"appliesTo":{"country":"GLOBAL"}}}],"id_record":"59e523ae5f36934344308df0","version":5,"__v":0},"threatStatusValue":"Preocupación menor (LC)","habitats_version":null,"imageInfo":{"mainImage":"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/DirkvdM_tamandua.jpg","thumbnailImage":"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/DirkvdM_tamandua.jpg","source":"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:DirkvdM_tamandua.jpg","rightsHolder":"","license":"CC BY-SA"}},{"originAtomized":{"exotic":false,"invasive":false},"_id":"59e528ac5f36934344308f2b","creation_date":"2017-10-16T21:46:20.000Z","taxonRecordNameApprovedInUse":{"taxonRecordName":{"scientificName":{"canonicalName":{"simple":"Sotalia fluviatilis"},"canonicalAuthorship":{"simple":" (Gervais & Deville, 1853)"}}}},"scientificNameSimple":"Sotalia fluviatilis (Gervais & Deville, 1853)","commonNames":[{"language":"Inglés","name":"Gray Dolphin"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Tucuxi"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Gray river dolphin"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Brazilian dolphin"},{"language":"Español","name":"Bufeo blanco"},{"language":"Español","name":"Bufeo gris"},{"language":"Español","name":"Bufeo loquillo"},{"language":"Español","name":"Bufeo negro"},{"language":"Español","name":"Bufete"},{"language":"Español","name":"Bufo negro"},{"language":"Portuguese","name":"Bufo preto"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Grey Dolphin"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Estuarine Dolphin"},{"language":"Español","name":"Delfin de rio"},{"language":"Español","name":"Bufeo"},{"language":"Español","name":"Tonina"},{"name":"Tucuchi"},{"name":"Jid+amana"},{"name":"Amama"},{"name":"Amana"}],"fullDescriptionApprovedInUse":{"_id":"606ca41ab7c7809418a5183d","__t":"FullDescriptionVersion","version":3,"id_record":"59e528ac5f36934344308f2b","id_user":"sib@humboldt.org.co","fullDescription":{"_id":"59e529d25f36934344309000","fullDescriptionAtomized":[],"fullDescriptionUnstructured":"El género Sotalia incluye dos especies basados en morfología craneal y evidencia genética (Madeira et al. 2004; Cunha et al. 2005; Caballero et al. 2007; Caballero et al. 2010). El delfín gris, Sotalia guianensis (P-J. Van Bénedén 1864) presenta poblaciones distribuidas a lo largo de las costas y estuarios del océano atlántico desde Honduras hasta Brasil y en el norte de Suramérica se incluyen los individuos establecidos en el Lago Maracaibo, parte media y delta del río Orinoco en Venezuela, recientes estudios genéticos determinaron que existe una divergencia de 600.000 años entre las poblaciones continentales y costeras (Trujillo F. com pers ). \n\nEl tuxi, Sotalia fluviatilis (Gervais y Deville, en Gervais 1853) ha sido asignado a animales encontrados en la cuenca del río Amazonas (rivereño) y es simpátrico con Inia geoffrensis en Brasil, Colombia, Ecuador, Perú y Guyana Francesa en la cuenca del río Amazonas (Borobia et al. 1991; Da Silva 1994; Martin y Da Silva 2004; Cunha et al. 2005; Caballero et al. 2007, Flores y Da Silva 2009, Trujillo et al. 2010, Secchi et al. 2012, Carvajal-Castro et al. 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Los machos son ligeramente más grandes que las hembras con longitudes hasta de 2,78 m. y pesos alrededor de 180 kg (Best & Da Silva, 1989; Trujillo et al., 2006; Trujillo, 1994). En general, el cuerpo es robusto, pero flexible. Su cabeza es pequeña con un hocico largo y estrecho con vibrisas sensoriales más conspicuas en juveniles y crías, y un número aproximado de 24-35 pares de dientes en ambas mandíbulas. La dentadura de estos delfines es de tipo heterodonta, es decir, no todos los dientes tienen la misma forma; en la parte superior del ramus se encuentran molariformes unicúspides y en la parte distal y media incisivos. Esta diferencia de forma entre los dientes les da a su vez una diferente función, los dientes molariformes sirven para triturar los cuerpos de sus presas, en especial los de aquellos peces con estructuras externas duras o placas, y utilizan los incisivos para cortar en trozos más pequeños los tejidos de los peces (Trujillo, 2000). \n\nLas aletas pectorales son grandes y flexibles con un amplio arco de rotación, permitiéndoles nadar con gran agilidad entre las raíces de los árboles del bosque inundado. La aleta dorsal es larga y poco pronunciada y se prolonga a manera de quilla a lo largo del dorso: algunas diferencias en la longitud de estas aletas se han evidenciado entre individuos del Orinoco e individuos del Amazonas.  Las vértebras cervicales no están fusionadas a diferencia de otros delfines, lo que posibilita un movimiento amplio de la cabeza de lado a lado, muy útil para capturar presas. Los individuos del género Inia son longevos y pueden alcanzar los 30 a 40 años de edad (Trujillo, 2000; Mosquera-Guerra et al., 2016). \n\nEl patrón de coloración es variable, las crías son grises oscuros, pero en los adultos los colores varían desde rosado hasta gris claro. Las tonalidades en la piel pueden cambiar en algunos individuos en cortos periodos de tiempo, los individuos grises pueden pasar a ser rosados y los rosados a ser grises. Esto ocurre por un incremento o disminución de la irrigación sanguínea debido a la actividad física como mecanismo para regular la temperatura corporal. No todos los delfines cambian de gris a rosado, y esto parece estar explicado por características fenotípicas. El melón es pronunciado, especialmente en los adultos y posiblemente con movimiento controlado por acción muscular. Esta estructura sirve como direccionador acústico para la ecolocalización (Penner y Murchinson 1979). \n\nEsta especie presenta una baja capacidad visual, sin llegar a ser ciegos, pero con un sofisticado sistema acústico para la ecolocalización. Los delfines utilizan un sistema de ondas de sonido para encontrar presas y orientarse en el medio acuático. Estas ondas salen de una estructura situada en su cabeza que se conoce como el melón. Las ondas viajan por el agua hasta chocar con un objeto (troncos, piedras, embarcaciones) o con sus presas. Luego la onda regresa y es recibida por la mandíbula del delfín, se dirige al oído interno y llega al cerebro, el cual proyecta una «imagen» del objeto y permite estimar la distancia a la que se encuentra, su tamaño y velocidad de movimiento.\n\nVarios autores consideran esta especie como politípica debido al reconocimiento de tres subespecies. \nDa Silva (1983) revisó la taxonomía del género Inia y propuso dos especies diferentes soportadas en caracteres craneométricos, separando así a I. boliviensis para la cuenca del río madeira e Inia geoffrensis; esta última con dos subespecies: Inia g. geoffrensis e Inia g. humboldtiana, basadas en estudios genéticos (Hamilton et al., 2001).","ancillaryData":[{"mediaURL":[],"agent":[],"reference":[{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Best, Robin C","da Silva, Vera Maria Ferreira"],"editors":[],"keywords":["Inia geoffrensis"],"year":"1989-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","profile_id":"","group_id":"","abstract":"","tags":"Inia geoffrensis","type":"article","source":"","title":"Biology, status and conservation of Inia geoffrensis in the Amazon and Orinoco river basins","issue":"","series":"","chapter":"","websites":"","accessed":"","publisher":"Occasional Papers of the IUCNSpecies Survival Comission SSC","address":"","institution":"","_id":"59e5a92f5f36934344309f06","last_modified":null,"created":null},{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Trujillo, Fernando"],"editors":[],"keywords":["Inia geoffrensis,Sotalia fluviatilis"],"year":"2000-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","profile_id":"","group_id":"","abstract":"","tags":"Inia geoffrensis,Sotalia fluviatilis","type":"miscellany","source":"","title":"Habitat use and social behaviour of the freshwater dolphin Inia geoffrensis (de Blainville, 1817) in the Amazon and Orinoco basins.","issue":"","series":"","chapter":"","websites":"","accessed":"","publisher":"University of Aberdeen","address":"","institution":"","_id":"59e5a92f5f36934344309f09","last_modified":null,"created":null},{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Trujillo, F., M. 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De tamaño mediano. El caparazón es gris a marrón grisáceo pudiendo ser negruzco en algunos individuos y se aclara hacia las partes bajas del costado, generalmente con nueve bandas (puede tener de 8 a 11) móviles.  Cuerpo de apariencia desnuda, con muy pocos pelos gruesos dispuestos en el vientre y el cuello, con otros pelos en los bordes de las bandas. El vientre es liso y carnoso de color rosa. La cola es más corta o tan larga como la longitud cabeza y cuerpo, provista de escamas. Son plantígrados, con los miembros cortos, presenta cuatro garras delanteras y cinco en las posteriores. La cabeza presenta un escudo acorazado en la frente, el hocico es alargado y angosto. Las orejas son largas cubiertas de pequeñas placas no rígidas, muy juntas en la base.","ancillaryData":[]},"element":"fullDescription","created":"2017-10-17T05:28:28.000Z"},"threatStatusApprovedInUse":{"_id":"656126fcc6e55fb6c08c2055","created":"2023-11-24T22:43:08.000Z","state":"approved_in_use","element":"threatStatus","id_user":"sib+ac@humboldt.org.co","threatStatus":[{"_id":"656126fcc6e55fb6c08c205a","threatStatusAtomized":{"threatCategory":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[],"measurementValue":"LC","measurementType":"UICN"},"_id":"656126fcc6e55fb6c08c205b","authority":["UICN"],"apendiceCITES":[],"appliesTo":{"country":"GLOBAL"}}}],"id_record":"59e593f35f369343443099b0","version":2,"__v":0},"threatStatusValue":"Preocupación menor (LC)","habitats_version":{"_id":"656126fcc6e55fb6c08c2055","created":"2023-11-24T22:43:08.000Z","state":"approved_in_use","element":"habitats","id_user":"sib+ac@humboldt.org.co","habitats":{"_id":"656126fcc6e55fb6c08c205d","habitatAtomized":[{"_id":"656126fcc6e55fb6c08c205e","measurementOrFact":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[],"_id":"656126fcc6e55fb6c08c205f","measurementValue":"Humedales_Ciénagas"}}]},"id_record":"59e593f35f369343443099b0","version":1,"__v":0},"imageInfo":{"mainImage":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Armadillo2.jpg","thumbnailImage":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Armadillo2.jpg","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6008545","rightsHolder":"Mwcolgan8","license":"Public Domain"}},{"originAtomized":{"exotic":false,"invasive":false},"_id":"59e596ef5f36934344309cb5","creation_date":"2017-10-17T05:36:47.000Z","taxonRecordNameApprovedInUse":{"taxonRecordName":{"scientificName":{"canonicalName":{"simple":"Dasypus kappleri"},"canonicalAuthorship":{"simple":"Krauss, 1862"}}}},"scientificNameSimple":"Dasypus kappleri Krauss, 1862","commonNames":[{"language":"Inglés","name":"Greater Long-nosed Armadillo"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Greater Long-nosed Armadillo"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Greater Long-nosed Armadillo"},{"name":"Greater long-nosed armadillo"},{"name":"great long-nosed armadillo"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"greater long-nosed armadillo"}],"fullDescriptionApprovedInUse":{"_id":"59e597f25f36934344309d0f","__t":"FullDescriptionVersion","version":1,"id_record":"59e596ef5f36934344309cb5","id_user":"edgarestebanhc@gmail.com","fullDescription":{"_id":"59e597f25f36934344309d10","fullDescriptionAtomized":[],"fullDescriptionUnstructured":"Es el segundo armadillo más grande, después de Priodontes maximus. El caparazón es gris dorsalmente y se aclara hacia las partes bajas de los costado y el borde anterior tiene forma angular, con 7- 8 bandas móviles en el centro del cuerpo, algunos individuos pueden tener 9 bandas, con 51- 62 osteodermos en la cuarta banda móvil del caparazón, el número de forámenes varía considerablemente en el escudo escapular (3–8) y el escudo pélvico (7–18). La cola es corta con una base ancha y mide aproximadamente el 75 -79% de la longitud de cabeza y cuerpo. \n\nEl hocico es largo y angosto con un rostro es proporcionalmente largo. Se diferencia de otros armadillos del género Dasypus por la presencia de dos o tres líneas de espolones en las extremidades posteriores los cuales no miden más de 17 mm de longitud, en las extremidades anteriores presentan un quinto dedo. \n\nLa longitud de cabeza y cuerpo es de 543.2 ± 22. mm, la longitud de la cola 406.1 ± 45.6 mm, longitud del pie 119.9 ± 8.4, longitud de la oreja 50.5 ± 3.1 mm, los osteodermos fijos tienen una longitud de 16.9 to 18.9 mm y 5.1 to 7.6 de ancho, los osteodermos de las bandas tiene una longitud de 8.1 to 12.1 mm y 5.5 to7.3 mm ancho, peso 8.5-13 kg.","ancillaryData":[]},"element":"fullDescription","created":"2017-10-17T05:41:06.000Z"},"threatStatusApprovedInUse":{"_id":"656126ccc6e55fb6c08bfd6b","created":"2023-11-24T22:42:20.000Z","state":"approved_in_use","element":"threatStatus","id_user":"sib+ac@humboldt.org.co","threatStatus":[{"_id":"656126ccc6e55fb6c08bfd70","threatStatusAtomized":{"threatCategory":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[],"measurementValue":"LC","measurementType":"UICN"},"_id":"656126ccc6e55fb6c08bfd71","authority":["UICN"],"apendiceCITES":[],"appliesTo":{"country":"GLOBAL"}}}],"id_record":"59e596ef5f36934344309cb5","version":2,"__v":0},"threatStatusValue":"Preocupación menor (LC)","habitats_version":null,"imageInfo":{"mainImage":"https://live.staticflickr.com/4385/36825617346_6a6e8ef071_b.jpg","thumbnailImage":"https://live.staticflickr.com/4385/36825617346_6a6e8ef071_b.jpg","source":"","rightsHolder":"Mamíferos de Colombia","license":"CC BY-NC"}},{"originAtomized":{"exotic":false,"invasive":false},"_id":"59e599f75f36934344309d5d","creation_date":"2017-10-17T05:49:43.000Z","taxonRecordNameApprovedInUse":{"taxonRecordName":{"scientificName":{"canonicalName":{"simple":"Dasypus sabanicola"},"canonicalAuthorship":{"simple":"Mondolfi, 1968"}}}},"scientificNameSimple":"Dasypus sabanicola Mondolfi, 1968","commonNames":[{"language":"Inglés","name":"Llanos Long-nosed Armadillo"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Llanos Long-nosed Armadillo"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Llanos Long-nosed Armadillo"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Llanos long-nosed armadillo"},{"name":"Llanos long-nosed armadillo"},{"name":"Northern lesser long-nosed armadillo"}],"fullDescriptionApprovedInUse":{"_id":"59e59b325f36934344309db7","__t":"FullDescriptionVersion","version":1,"id_record":"59e599f75f36934344309d5d","id_user":"edgarestebanhc@gmail.com","fullDescription":{"_id":"59e59b325f36934344309db8","fullDescriptionAtomized":[],"fullDescriptionUnstructured":"Longitud de cabeza y cuerpo 253-314 mm., longitud de la cola 175-205 mm., longitud del pie 60-70 mm., longitud de la oreja 22-29 mm., peso 2- 4 Kg. Es uno de los armadillos más pequeños del género Dasypus. \n\nEl caparazón es gris a negro con dos a cinco forámenes en el surco principal de los osteodermos fijos; generalmente con ocho bandas (puede tener de 7 a 9) móviles, las placas de las bandas son alargadas y triangulares con dos a siete forámenes en el surco principal de los osteodermos móviles, mientras que las del resto del cuerpo son pequeñas y redondeadas con tonalidades más claras y amarillentas. Cuerpo de apariencia desnuda, con muy pocos pelos blancuzcos dispuestos en el vientre. \n\nCabeza con un escudete cefálico negro y con el rostro largo, estrecho y desnudo. Orejas medianas y negruzcas. Manos con cuatro garras, las centrales más largas; patas con cinco garras pequeñas. Cola corta, gruesa y puntiaguda, cubierta de anillos circulares formados por placas, distales negruzcas. Vientre desnudo de color rosa o amarillo rojizo que se extiende hasta la garganta.","ancillaryData":[]},"element":"fullDescription","created":"2017-10-17T05:54:58.000Z"},"threatStatusApprovedInUse":{"_id":"656126fcc6e55fb6c08c2060","created":"2023-11-24T22:43:08.000Z","state":"approved_in_use","element":"threatStatus","id_user":"sib+ac@humboldt.org.co","threatStatus":[{"_id":"656126fcc6e55fb6c08c2065","threatStatusAtomized":{"threatCategory":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[],"measurementValue":"NT","measurementType":"UICN"},"_id":"656126fcc6e55fb6c08c2066","authority":["UICN"],"apendiceCITES":[],"appliesTo":{"country":"GLOBAL"}}}],"id_record":"59e599f75f36934344309d5d","version":2,"__v":0},"threatStatusValue":"Casi amenazado (NT)","habitats_version":null,"imageInfo":{"mainImage":"https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/176495042/large.jpeg","thumbnailImage":"https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/176495042/large.jpeg","source":"","rightsHolder":"armadillospcal","license":"CC BY-NC"}},{"originAtomized":{"exotic":false,"invasive":false},"_id":"59e59e2a5f36934344309e07","creation_date":"2017-10-17T06:07:38.000Z","taxonRecordNameApprovedInUse":{"taxonRecordName":{"scientificName":{"canonicalName":{"simple":"Eptesicus andinus"},"canonicalAuthorship":{"simple":"J. 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Este género se distingue por poseer una quilla desarrollada en el hueso calcáneo. El rostro de esta especie es relativamente ancho, con glándulas desarrolladas en el extremo anterior (detrás de las narinas). \n\nExhibe pelaje largo de casi 9 mm, color café oscuro y raramente negruzco, con las puntas notablemente más claras.","ancillaryData":[]},"element":"fullDescription","created":"2017-10-17T06:21:33.000Z"},"habitats_version":null,"imageInfo":{"mainImage":"https://multimedia20stg.blob.core.windows.net/especies/eptesicus-andinus2.jpg","thumbnailImage":"https://multimedia20stg.blob.core.windows.net/especies/eptesicus-andinus2.jpg","source":"","rightsHolder":"Carlos Boada","license":"CC BY-NC-ND"},"threatStatusApprovedInUse":{"_id":"656126cec6e55fb6c08bff35","created":"2023-11-24T22:42:22.000Z","state":"approved_in_use","element":"threatStatus","id_user":"sib+ac@humboldt.org.co","threatStatus":[{"_id":"656126cec6e55fb6c08bff3a","threatStatusAtomized":{"threatCategory":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[],"measurementValue":"LC","measurementType":"UICN"},"_id":"656126cec6e55fb6c08bff3b","authority":["UICN"],"apendiceCITES":[],"appliesTo":{"country":"GLOBAL"}}}],"id_record":"59e59e2a5f36934344309e07","version":1,"__v":0}},{"originAtomized":{"exotic":false,"invasive":false},"_id":"5a00f034b255d98254bc9ca6","creation_date":"2017-11-06T23:28:52.000Z","taxonRecordNameApprovedInUse":{"taxonRecordName":{"scientificName":{"canonicalName":{"simple":"Didelphis marsupialis"},"canonicalAuthorship":{"simple":"Linnaeus, 1758"}}}},"scientificNameSimple":"Didelphis marsupialis Linnaeus, 1758","commonNames":[{"language":"Español","name":"Chucha"},{"language":"Español","name":"Jara"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Common Opossum"},{"language":"Español","name":"Faro"},{"language":"Español","name":"Comadreja grande"},{"language":"Español","name":"Tlacuache sureño"},{"language":"Español","name":"Rabipelado"}],"fullDescriptionApprovedInUse":{"_id":"616605f9417fc5e1304f959e","__t":"FullDescriptionVersion","version":4,"id_record":"5a00f034b255d98254bc9ca6","id_user":"sib@humboldt.org.co","fullDescription":{"_id":"5a012a33b255d98254bca076","fullDescriptionAtomized":[],"fullDescriptionUnstructured":"Su tamaño es similar al de un gato común (Ceballos & Oliva, 2005).  La longitud total del cuerpo se encuentra entre 324 y 425 mm, longitud de la cola alcanza los 420 mm, la longitud del cráneo se encuentra entre los 94.09 y 113.39 mm, la longitud del pie 51-70 mm, la longitud de la oreja 46-58 mm y la longitud condilobasal 97.26-104.84 mm (Cuartas-Calle & Muñoz-Arango, 2003). Los individuos adultos pesan entre 500–2000 g (Rueda et al., 2013). \n\nTiene miembros cortos, siendo los anteriores más cortos que los posteriores, cuenta con 5 dedos en cada pata, provistos con fuertes garras excepto el primer dedo de sus extremidades posteriores. El hallux es oponible como el pollex en los humanos. El pelaje presenta varias capas, una densa y corta de color crema principalmente hacia el vientre y otra de pelos largos y dispersos que son de color gris o negro e hirsutos en la parte dorsal, con un jaspeado de color amarillento (Ceballos & Oliva, 2005). La cabeza es de color crema o naranja a los costados del rostro, por lo general de apariencia sucia (Cuartas-Calle & Muñoz-Arango, 2003). Presenta una franja oscura desde la base de la nariz, que pasa por  la mitad de los ojos, y  se une con la franja oscura de la parte dorsal del cuerpo, en algunos individuos bandas negras paralelas a esta que cubren parte de los ojos. El rostro es alargado y de color amarillento, al igual que el cuello. Las mejillas son amarillas o blancas sucias. La nariz es alargada y de color rosada con vibrisas largas, gruesas y de color pálido (Cuartas-Calle & Muñoz-Arango, 2003). El vientre es denso, de aspecto lanudo y de color claro, no presenta pelos alargados e hirsutos como en el dorso. Las extremidades, las orejas y la parte anterior de la cola son de color negro. Algunos individuos presentan una coloración rosa en el extremo distal de las orejas (Rueda et al., 2013). Presentan una cola larga y prensil, la cual usan para sujetarse a los árboles e incluso colgar de ella (Nowak, 1999). La base de la cola es peluda, el resto es desnuda y de una apariencia escamosa (Cuartas-Calle & Muñoz-Arango, 2003; Rueda et al., 2013). \n\nLa especie presenta dimorfismo sexual, las hembras generalmente son más pequeñas que los machos, y se caracterizan de otros grupos por la presencia de una bolsa o marsupio en el cual se encuentran 13 pezones dispuestos en forma de círculo, donde protegen y alimentan a sus crías (Ceballos & Oliva 2005; Patton et al., 2000).\nFórmula dental es: I 5/4, C 1/1, P 3/3, M 4/4 = 50","ancillaryData":[{"mediaURL":[],"agent":[],"reference":[{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Ceballos, G., y  G. Oliva"],"editors":[],"keywords":[],"year":"2005-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","profile_id":"","group_id":"","abstract":"","tags":"","type":"book","source":"","title":"Los mamíferos silvestres de México. 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Según Roze (2012) la longitud de la cola es un 50% la longitud de la cabeza y el cuerpo, aunque individuos de tierras bajas pueden tener la cola más larga (un 70% de la longitud cabeza y cuerpo).\n\nLa cabeza tiene espinas blancuzcas seguidas de anillos negros y blancos y cerdas más cortas que las que presenta en el cuerpo. El hocico presenta largas vibrisas y senos nasales poco pronunciados. Las extremidades, hocico y cola oscuros. La base de la cola presenta cerdas engrosadas que forman una franja lateral de color amarillento blancuzco que se une en la parte dorsal, la punta casi por completo desnuda y con callosidades dorsales. El pelaje de las patas es grueso y de color pardo (Voss y da Silva 2001).\n\nEs uno de los puercoespines más pequeños, con pelaje denso y de color pardo, con una capa de pelo lanoso de 50 mm de longitud. Presenta dos tipos de espinas de diferente longitud y que se encuentran en la mayor parte del cuerpo a excepción del vientre. En las partes laterales y el dorso presenta espinas de una longitud aproximada entre 25 mm y 40 mm. En la parte del dorso presenta las espinas-cerdas que alcanzan los 100 mm y sobresalen del pelo. Las espinas son de color amarillo con el extremo distal de color negro, y algunas espinas de la cabeza y mejillas son tricoloreadas, con la base blanca, una banda negra, y el extremo distal blanco-amarillo (Roze 2012). Las cerdas presentan una coloración amarilla blancuzca con un anillo oscuro en la parte media y terminaciones blanco amarillento que contrastan con el fondo oscuro. El pelaje es largo de entre 50-70 mm, y oculta la mayoría de la espinas del cuerpo a excepción de la cabeza. Es de aspecto lanoso, de color café claro en la parte basal, pasando por tonalidades más oscuras y oscureciéndose hacia el extremo distal (Voss y da Silva 2001)","ancillaryData":[{"mediaURL":[],"agent":[],"reference":[{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Roze, U."],"editors":[],"keywords":[],"year":"2012-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","profile_id":"","group_id":"","abstract":"","tags":"","type":"book","source":"","title":"Porcupines: The Animal Answer Guide","volume":"","issue":"","pages":"","series":"","chapter":"","websites":"","accessed":"","publisher":"Johns Hopkins University Press","address":"Baltimore","edition":"","institution":"","doi":"","isbn":"","issn":"","link":"","_id":"5a014950b255d98254bca1e0","last_modified":null,"created":null},{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Voss, R. S., y M. 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El peso de un individuo adulto varía entre 3 a 7 kg.\n\nLa especie es de contextura delgada. Su cabeza es ligeramente triangular, con el hocico delgado y puntiagudo. Los ojos son pequeños con franjas negras distintivas. Las orejas son alargadas y tupidas de pelaje y en su parte externa por lo general son de color rojizo. La parte dorsal y los costados son de color gris. La parte externa del cuello, la parte inferior de las extremidades, así como el límite entre el costado y el vientre son de color canela-rojizo. El cuello, mejillas pecho y abdomen son blancas. Presenta una cola tupida con una melena dorsal de color negro que inicia unos 10 centímetros debajo de la base hasta la punta.\nLos machos son ligeramente más grandes que las hembras. La fórmula dental es  i 3/3, c 1/1, p 4/4, m 2/3.","ancillaryData":[{"mediaURL":[],"agent":[],"reference":[{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Eisenberg, J. F., and K. H. 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Stolz, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","license":"Public Domain"},"threatStatusApprovedInUse":{"_id":"656126abc6e55fb6c08be619","created":"2023-11-24T22:41:47.000Z","state":"approved_in_use","element":"threatStatus","id_user":"sib+ac@humboldt.org.co","threatStatus":[{"_id":"656126abc6e55fb6c08be61e","threatStatusAtomized":{"threatCategory":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[],"measurementValue":"LC","measurementType":"UICN"},"_id":"656126abc6e55fb6c08be61f","authority":["UICN"],"apendiceCITES":[],"appliesTo":{"country":"GLOBAL"}}}],"id_record":"5a014e33b255d98254bca25d","version":1,"__v":0}},{"originAtomized":{"exotic":false,"invasive":false},"_id":"5c6caae1d76e3b71032c968f","creation_date":"2019-02-20T01:18:25.000Z","taxonRecordNameApprovedInUse":{"taxonRecordName":{"scientificName":{"canonicalName":{"simple":"Cavia aperea"},"canonicalAuthorship":{"simple":"Erxleben, 1777"}}}},"scientificNameSimple":"Cavia aperea Erxleben, 1777","commonNames":[{"language":"Inglés","name":"Brazilian guinea pig"},{"language":"Español","name":"Conejo de las Indias"},{"name":"Cuis Selvatico"},{"name":"Meerschweinchen"},{"language":"Español","name":"Cuy silvestre"},{"language":"Español","name":"Cuis Pampeano"},{"language":"Portuguese","name":"Bengo, Preá"}],"fullDescriptionApprovedInUse":{"_id":"5c6cae43d76e3b71032c96ed","__t":"FullDescriptionVersion","version":3,"id_record":"5c6caae1d76e3b71032c968f","id_user":"edgarestebanhc@gmail.com","fullDescription":{"_id":"5c6cae43d76e3b71032c96ee","fullDescriptionAtomized":[],"fullDescriptionUnstructured":"C. aperea, es un roedor de talla mediana, pues sus especímenes adultos llegan a pesar entre 400 y 700 g y llega a medir 32 cm, siendo el macho aproximadamente 11% más grande que la hembra (Trillmich, F. 2000) .  Tiene orejas de un tamaño considerable, la región costal es de color marrón medio con toques negros en las puntas de las cerdas, y la parte inferior del cuerpo es un poco más clara (Canevari, M., & Vaccaro, O. 2007).  Tiene patas cortas con tres almohadillas en sus miembros anteriores y cuatro en los posteriores (Zúñiga, H, 2002)  y carece de cola (Eisenberg, J. 1989)\n\nEs el antecesor del cavia porcellus, el cuy que se utiliza para consumo humano (Dunnum, J. L., & Salazar‐Bravo, J. 2010) y aunque tienen bastante similitud genética, sus crías son híbridos en su mayoría infértiles (Campos, H & García, M 2008)\n\nFisch, C., y Dupuis‐Williams, P (2011) realizan un estudio  sobre la ultraestructura de los cilos y flagelos, se menciona que el collar ciliar no fue evidenciado en  esperma de cuyes,  a diferencia de otros animales como la polilla o la lombriz de tierra.","ancillaryData":[{"mediaURL":[],"agent":[],"reference":[{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Dunnum, Jonathan L.","Salazar‐Bravo, Jorge"],"editors":[],"keywords":["Caviomorpha, cytochrome b, guinea pig, phylogeny, South America"],"year":"2010-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","profile_id":"","group_id":"","abstract":"Phylogenetic analyses were conducted on cytochrome b sequence data of the most geographically and taxonomically broad sampling of Cavia taxa to date. Primary objectives included providing the first extensive molecular phylogenetic framework for the genus, testing the taxonomic and systematic hypotheses of previous authors and providing insight into the evolutionary and biogeographic history of the genus. Support was found for the morphologically defined species C. aperea, C. tschudii, C. magna and C. fulgida and the taxonomic placement of taxa previously subject to conflicting taxonomic opinions (e.g. C. nana, C. anolaimae and C. guianae) was further resolved. Additionally, we elevate the Ecuadorian C. a. patzelti to species status, restrict the distributional limits and suggest taxonomic affiliations of some C. tschudii subspecies, and provide strong evidence for the geographic origin of guinea pig domestication. Finally, we provide an estimated evolutionary timeline for the genus Cavia, which appears to extend well into the late Miocene.","tags":"","type":"article","source":"Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research","title":"Molecular systematics, taxonomy and biogeography of the genus Cavia (Rodentia: Caviidae)","volume":"48","issue":"","pages":"376--388","series":"","chapter":"","websites":"","accessed":"","publisher":"","address":"","institution":"","doi":"10.1111/j.1439-0469.2009.00561.x","issn":"1439-0469","link":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1439-0469.2009.00561.x","_id":"5c6cae43d76e3b71032c96f4","last_modified":null,"created":null},{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Aníbal Campos","Héctor, \\& Ruiz-García, Manuel"],"editors":[],"keywords":[""],"year":"2008-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","profile_id":"","group_id":"","abstract":"","tags":"","type":"article","source":"Revista de Biología Tropical","title":"Genética poblacional de cobayas de Colombia, Cavia spp.(Rodentia: Caviidae) con marcadores moleculares RAPD.","volume":"56","issue":"3","pages":"1481--1501","series":"","chapter":"","websites":"","accessed":"","publisher":"","address":"","institution":"","_id":"5c6cae43d76e3b71032c96f3","last_modified":null,"created":null},{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Eisenberg, John F.","Redford, Kent H."],"editors":[],"keywords":["Medical / General, Nature / Animals / Mammals, Science / General, Science / Life Sciences / Zoology / General"],"year":"1989-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","profile_id":"","group_id":"","abstract":"Mammals of the Neotropics satisfies the need for a comprehensive, up-to-date survey of existing knowledge of South America's terrestrial and marine mammals. No comparable account of South American mammals has ever been published in any language, and this timely work will help encourage the research vital to conservation efforts.  This second of a projected three volumes covers southern South America. The authors discuss the historical biogeography and contemporary habitats of the region and then provide individual accounts for nearly 360 indigenous species, including information on size, appearance, ecology, behavior, and life history. Range maps, line drawings, and color plates supplement the text. To place the species accounts in a broader context, the authors consider the diversity of animals within each taxonomic group, examine the Neotropical species from a worldwide geographical perspective, and review taxonomic questions and controversies. Two final chapters deal with the community ecology of mammals and the effects humans have had on the mammalian fauna of the southern cone.","tags":"","type":"book","source":"","title":"Mammals of the Neotropics, Volume 2: The Southern Cone: Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay","issue":"","series":"","chapter":"","websites":"","accessed":"","publisher":"University of Chicago Press","address":"","institution":"","isbn":"978-0-226-70682-5","_id":"5c6cae43d76e3b71032c96f2","last_modified":null,"created":null},{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Zúñiga, Herly","Pinto-Nolla, María","Hernández-Camacho, Jorge I.","Torres-Martínez, Olga María"],"editors":[],"keywords":[""],"year":"2002-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","profile_id":"","group_id":"","abstract":"","tags":"","type":"article","source":"Acta zoológica mexicana","title":"Revisión taxonómica de las especies del género Cavia (Rodentia: Caviidae) en Colombia","issue":"","pages":"111--123","series":"","chapter":"","websites":"","accessed":"","publisher":"","address":"","institution":"","issn":"0065-1737","link":"http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0065-17372002000300008&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es","_id":"5c6cae43d76e3b71032c96f1","last_modified":null,"created":null},{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Fisch, Cathy","Dupuis‐Williams, Pascale"],"editors":[],"keywords":["central cap, cilium, flagellum, necklace, terminal plate, transition zone"],"year":"2011-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","profile_id":"","group_id":"","abstract":"Eukaryotic cilia and flagella perform motility and sensory functions which are essential for cell survival in protozoans, and to organism development and homoeostasis in metazoans. Their ultrastructure has been studied from the early beginnings of electron microscopy, and these studies continue to contribute to much of our understanding about ciliary biology. In the light of the progress made in the visualization of cellular structures over the last decade, we revisit the ultrastructure of cilia and flagella. We briefly describe the typical features of a 9+2 axoneme before focusing extensively on the transition zone, the ciliary necklace, the singlet zone, the ciliary cap and the ciliary crown. We discuss how the singlet zone is linked to sensory and/or motile function, the contribution of the ciliary crown to ovocyte and mucosal propulsion, and the relationship between the ciliary cap and microtubule growth and shortening, and its relation to ciliary beat. We further examine the involvement of the transition zone/the ciliary necklace in axonemal stabilization, autotomy and as a diffusion barrier.","tags":"","type":"article","source":"Biology of the Cell","title":"Ultrastructure of cilia and flagella – back to the future!","volume":"103","issue":"","pages":"249--270","series":"","chapter":"","websites":"","accessed":"","publisher":"","address":"","institution":"","doi":"10.1042/BC20100139","issn":"1768-322X","link":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1042/BC20100139","_id":"5c6cae43d76e3b71032c96f0","last_modified":null,"created":null}],"dataType":"","mimeType":"","created":null,"modified":null,"title":"","license":"Atribución - No Comercial - Compartir igual (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)","rights":"","rightsHolder":"","bibliographicCitation":"","source":"","description":"","thumbnailURL":"","location":"","geoPoint":"","additionalInformation":"","dataObject":"","_id":"5c6cae43d76e3b71032c96ef","subject":[],"audience":[]}]},"element":"fullDescription","created":"2019-02-20T01:32:51.000Z"},"threatStatusApprovedInUse":{"_id":"656126f7c6e55fb6c08c1c0a","created":"2023-11-24T22:43:03.000Z","state":"approved_in_use","element":"threatStatus","id_user":"sib+ac@humboldt.org.co","threatStatus":[{"_id":"656126f7c6e55fb6c08c1c0f","threatStatusAtomized":{"threatCategory":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[],"measurementValue":"LC","measurementType":"UICN"},"_id":"656126f7c6e55fb6c08c1c10","authority":["UICN"],"apendiceCITES":[],"appliesTo":{"country":"GLOBAL"}}}],"id_record":"5c6caae1d76e3b71032c968f","version":3,"__v":0},"threatStatusValue":"Preocupación menor (LC)","habitats_version":null,"imageInfo":{"mainImage":"https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/178027538/original.jpeg","thumbnailImage":"https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/178027538/original.jpeg","source":"","rightsHolder":"My-Lan Le","license":"CC BY"}},{"originAtomized":{"exotic":true,"invasive":false},"_id":"5ce70e998fe61bf73db1102d","creation_date":"2019-05-23T21:20:25.000Z","taxonRecordNameApprovedInUse":{"taxonRecordName":{"scientificName":{"canonicalName":{"simple":"Bos taurus"},"canonicalAuthorship":{"simple":"Linnaeus, 1758"}}}},"scientificNameSimple":"Bos taurus Linnaeus, 1758","commonNames":[{"language":"Inglés","name":"Aurochs"},{"name":"Aurochs"},{"name":"Hausrind"},{"name":"Urus"},{"name":"Wildrind"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"aurochs"},{"name":"cattle"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"cow"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"domestic cattle (feral)"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"domesticated cattle"},{"language":"Swedish","name":"nötkreatur"},{"language":"Español","name":"Vaca"},{"language":"Español","name":"Toro"},{"language":"Español","name":"Ternero"}],"fullDescriptionApprovedInUse":{"_id":"5ce710008fe61bf73db11080","__t":"FullDescriptionVersion","version":1,"id_record":"5ce70e998fe61bf73db1102d","id_user":"edgarestebanhc@gmail.com","fullDescription":{"_id":"5ce710008fe61bf73db11081","fullDescriptionAtomized":[],"fullDescriptionUnstructured":"Es una especie eucariota, que tiene una longitud de 250 (cm) sin contar la cola y la altura oscila entre los 120 y 150 (cm) dependiendo del individuo; en otras palabras es un animal considerablemente grande, con un cuerpo robusto, una larga cola recubierta por un mechón en su extremo distal y patas fuertes.\nPoseen un pelaje corto y suave que tiende a ser más denso en épocas de invierno, además, su gama de colores es de negro y blanco, en algunas ocasiones pueden tener tonos de rojos y marrón; Su pelaje puede ser uniforme o en su defecto con manchas más o menos extensas de otro color. En ambos sexos podemos encontrar cuernos, que en el caso de los machos pueden llegar a medir hasta 800 (mm).\nEn su mandíbula podemos encontrar 32 dientes en los adultos: 16 incisivos, 8 premolares y seis molares. 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El macho y la hembra comparten características similares. El tamaño de este mamífero puede variar entre los 20 a 30 cm y su peso aproximado es de 400-2000 g. Su cuerpo está cubierto por pelo fino, grueso, largo o corto, el color puede variar entre negro, blanco y café.\nSus orejas son cortas al igual que sus patas, estas poseen cuatro almohadillas palmares en las patas anteriores y tres en las posteriores. En su hocico, se pueden observar dos dientes incisivos prominentes. Este mamífero no posee cola;. (Zúñiga, Pinto-Nolla, Hernández-Camacho, & Torres-Martínez, 2002)","ancillaryData":[{"mediaURL":[],"agent":[],"reference":[{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Zúñiga, Herly","Pinto-Nolla, María","Hernández-Camacho, Jorge I.","Torres-Martínez, Olga María"],"editors":[],"keywords":[""],"year":"2002-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","profile_id":"","group_id":"","abstract":"","tags":"","type":"article","source":"Acta zoológica mexicana","title":"Revisión taxonómica de las especies del género Cavia (Rodentia: Caviidae) en Colombia","issue":"","pages":"111--123","series":"","chapter":"","websites":"","accessed":"","publisher":"","address":"","institution":"","issn":"0065-1737","link":"http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0065-17372002000300008&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es","_id":"5ce726868fe61bf73db1145c","last_modified":null,"created":null},{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Rosenfeld, Silvana"],"editors":["Smith, Claire"],"keywords":[""],"year":"2014-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","profile_id":"","group_id":"","abstract":"","tags":"","type":"book_section","source":"Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology","title":"Guinea Pig: Domestication","issue":"","pages":"3172--3175","series":"","chapter":"","websites":"","accessed":"","publisher":"Springer New York","address":"","institution":"","doi":"10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2_2209","isbn":"978-1-4419-0465-2","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2_2209","_id":"5ce726868fe61bf73db1145a","last_modified":null,"created":null}],"dataType":"","mimeType":"","created":null,"modified":null,"title":"","license":"Atribución (CC BY 4.0)","rights":"","rightsHolder":"","bibliographicCitation":"","source":"","description":"","thumbnailURL":"","location":"","geoPoint":"","additionalInformation":"","dataObject":"","_id":"5ceeb4b30677d0fd6bc505d8","subject":[],"audience":[]}]},"element":"fullDescription","created":"2019-05-29T16:34:59.000Z"},"habitats_version":null,"imageInfo":{"mainImage":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Bob%2C_the_guinea_pig.jpg","thumbnailImage":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Bob%2C_the_guinea_pig.jpg","source":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1746400","rightsHolder":"Tboggi","license":"Public Domain"},"threatStatusApprovedInUse":null},{"originAtomized":{"exotic":false,"invasive":false},"_id":"5ce83e088fe61bf73db12035","creation_date":"2019-05-24T18:55:04.000Z","taxonRecordNameApprovedInUse":{"taxonRecordName":{"scientificName":{"canonicalName":{"simple":"Lasiurus blossevillii"},"canonicalAuthorship":{"simple":" (Lesson & Garnot, 1826)"}}}},"scientificNameSimple":"Lasiurus blossevillii (Lesson & Garnot, 1826)","commonNames":[{"language":"Español","name":"Murciélago-cola peluda de Blossevilli"},{"language":"Español","name":"Murciélago-cola peluda de Blossevilli"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Red Bat"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Western Red Bat"},{"language":"Dutch; Flemish","name":"Westelyke Rode Vleermuis"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Desert red bat"},{"language":"French","name":"Chauve-sours de Bloseville"}],"fullDescriptionApprovedInUse":{"_id":"5ce840138fe61bf73db12071","__t":"FullDescriptionVersion","version":1,"id_record":"5ce83e088fe61bf73db12035","id_user":"edgarestebanhc@gmail.com","fullDescription":{"_id":"5ce840138fe61bf73db12072","fullDescriptionAtomized":[],"fullDescriptionUnstructured":"Es una especie eucariota multicelular, es de tamaño mediano, con una longitud promedio va de 92-103mm. su pelaje en la región dorsal es de color rojo que varía de rojo oxidado a cafe pardusco, se extiende hasta las rodillas sobre el uropatagio. Sus mediciones craneales son más grandes comparados a otras especies, , con una cresta lagrimal desarrollada, tienen el hocico corto al igual que sus orejas, generalmente presenta dos premolares superiores, las alas de este organismos son largas y puntiagudas, su membrana está cubierta de piel y su cola se extienden hasta el borde del uropatagio. (Victor Bocanegra, 2017)","ancillaryData":[{"mediaURL":[],"agent":[],"reference":[{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Bocanegra, Víctor D.","Merida, Julio E.","Cruz, Gustavo A.","Bocanegra, Víctor D.","Merida, Julio E.","Cruz, Gustavo A."],"editors":[],"keywords":[""],"year":"2017-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","profile_id":"","group_id":"","abstract":"ResumenEn Honduras se encuentran cinco especies registradas del genero Lasiurus, se está presentando una ampliación de ámbito para Lasiurus ega en Honduras con una nueva localidad en el departamento de Atlántida, así mismo se añade un mamífero al listado de especies del Parque Nacional Nombre de Dios (PNND). El espécimen proviene de la laguna de El Cacao (PNND). Fue asignado a la especie basado en características morfológicas únicas como el color, dientes, tamaño total y tamaño de antebrazo. Considerando la poca información existente del grupo Chiroptera en Honduras se recomienda más estudios sistemáticos en todo el país.Palabras-clave: Parque Nacional Nombre de Dios; FUPNAND; Laguna de El Cacao; Lasiurus ega; Honduras; Murciélago Amarillo del Sur; Chiroptera; Murciélagos insectívoros","tags":"","type":"article","source":"Cuadernos de Investigación UNED","title":"Range extension of the bat \\textit lasiurus  ega (Chiroptera:Vespertilionidae) in Honduras","volume":"9","issue":"","pages":"87--90","series":"","chapter":"","websites":"","accessed":"","publisher":"","address":"","institution":"","issn":"1659-4266","link":"http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S1659-42662017000100087&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=es","_id":"5ce840138fe61bf73db12074","last_modified":null,"created":null}],"dataType":"","mimeType":"","created":null,"modified":null,"title":"","license":"Atribución - No Comercial - Compartir igual (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)","rights":"","rightsHolder":"","bibliographicCitation":"","source":"","description":"","thumbnailURL":"","location":"","geoPoint":"","additionalInformation":"","dataObject":"","_id":"5ce840138fe61bf73db12073","subject":[],"audience":[]}]},"element":"fullDescription","created":"2019-05-24T19:03:47.000Z"},"threatStatusApprovedInUse":{"_id":"656126d7c6e55fb6c08c05d4","created":"2023-11-24T22:42:31.000Z","state":"approved_in_use","element":"threatStatus","id_user":"sib+ac@humboldt.org.co","threatStatus":[{"_id":"656126d7c6e55fb6c08c05d9","threatStatusAtomized":{"threatCategory":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[],"measurementValue":"LC","measurementType":"UICN"},"_id":"656126d7c6e55fb6c08c05da","authority":["UICN"],"apendiceCITES":[],"appliesTo":{"country":"GLOBAL"}}}],"id_record":"5ce83e088fe61bf73db12035","version":2,"__v":0},"threatStatusValue":"Preocupación menor (LC)","habitats_version":null,"imageInfo":{"mainImage":"https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/65838357/original.jpeg","thumbnailImage":"https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/65838357/original.jpeg","source":"","rightsHolder":"delmer jonathan","license":"CC BY-NC"}},{"originAtomized":{"exotic":false,"invasive":false},"_id":"5ce848d38fe61bf73db12221","creation_date":"2019-05-24T19:41:07.000Z","taxonRecordNameApprovedInUse":{"taxonRecordName":{"scientificName":{"canonicalName":{"simple":"Leopardus pajeros"},"canonicalAuthorship":{"simple":" (Desmarest, 1816)"}}}},"scientificNameSimple":"Leopardus pajeros (Desmarest, 1816)","commonNames":[{"language":"Inglés","name":"Pampas Cat"},{"language":"Español","name":"Gato de Pampa"}],"fullDescriptionApprovedInUse":{"_id":"5cebdcbc8fe61bf73db12411","__t":"FullDescriptionVersion","version":2,"id_record":"5ce848d38fe61bf73db12221","id_user":"edgarestebanhc@gmail.com","fullDescription":{"_id":"5ce849568fe61bf73db12252","fullDescriptionAtomized":[],"fullDescriptionUnstructured":"Es un organismo eucarionte. La especie mide 60 cm. Es físicamente parecido a un gato doméstico pero aún más corpulento ya que su cabeza es pequeña en proporción a su cuerpo con orejas largas y puntiagudas, con un pelaje denso y medianamente largo en la parte del dorso y los costados presentan manchas difusas de color marrón oscuro, también las extremidades presentan franjas poco definidas. Tiene una cola de tamaño mediano, usualmente peluda y con bandas distintivas de color negro en toda su longitud en  la parte inferior de las orejas es de color negro, sus colores son generalmente café con beige, a excepción del hocico que es blanco alrededor. También existen ejemplares melánicos.  (ITIS, sistema integrado de información taxonómica) (Redford y Eisenberg, 1992; Sunquist y Sunquist, 2009)","ancillaryData":[{"mediaURL":[],"agent":[],"reference":[{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Sunquist, M. E. y Sunquist, F. 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West et al., 2011). Son de color gris, con una capa ligeramente más oscura que va desde el ojo hasta la aleta dorsal, posee unos distintivos labios blancos(Kristi L. West et al., 2011) . El tamaño ronda los 209-260 cm, con un claro dimorfismo sexual, siendo las hembras más pequeñas que los machos, esto para las poblaciones del atlántico, pacífico y mediterráneo, con una población en Brasil ligeramente más grande, rondando los 270 cm para las hembras y unos 290 cm para los machos  (Moura, Rodríguez, & Siciliano, 2009).  El peso de los individuos adultos está estimado entre los 130 y 155 kl (Kristi L. West et al., 2011).\n\nEs un organismo eucarionte (no existen estudios específicos de ultraestructura celular para la especie), es decir que posee un citoplasma organizado por membranas y un núcleo definido donde resguarda el material genético. Cuenta con alta variabilidad genética  (da Silva et al., 2015), y cuenta con 46 cromosomas.","ancillaryData":[{"mediaURL":[],"agent":[],"reference":[{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Moura, Jailson Fulgencio de","Rodrigues, Éderson da Silva","Siciliano, Salvatore"],"editors":[],"keywords":["Steno bredanensis, Brazil, care-giving behaviour, epimeletic behaviour, Rio de Janeiro, rough-toothed dolphins"],"year":"2009-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","profile_id":"","group_id":"","abstract":"In this note we contribute new evidence of epimeletic behaviour in Steno bredanensis in Brazilian waters. On 2 April 2007 we received information from lifeguards about a dead stranded rough-toothed dolphin at Prainha, Arraial do Cabo, east coast of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. The dolphin was a male juvenile, 187 cm in total body length from the tip of the upper jaw to the caudal notch, and it was in a moderate state of decomposition. The results presented here, in addition to previous studies, indicate that rough-toothed dolphins display a highly complex social structure.","tags":"","type":"article","source":"Marine Biodiversity Records","title":"Epimeletic behaviour in rough-toothed dolphins (Steno bredanensis) on the east coast of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil","volume":"2","issue":"","series":"","chapter":"","websites":"","accessed":"","publisher":"","address":"","institution":"","doi":"10.1017/S1755267208000122","issn":"1755-2672","link":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/marine-biodiversity-records/article/epimeletic-behaviour-in-roughtoothed-dolphins-steno-bredanensis-on-the-east-coast-of-rio-de-janeiro-state-brazil/78D64BF8585C503B6203AD3E6B66E50F","_id":"5cec3511241cdf1a337b4509","last_modified":null,"created":null},{"identifiers":[],"authors":["West, Kristi L.","Mead, James G.","White, Whitney"],"editors":[],"keywords":[""],"year":"2011-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","profile_id":"","group_id":"","abstract":"Abstract.  Steno bredanensis (Cuvier in Lesson, 1828) is a small odontocete commonly called the rough-toothed dolphin. A slender, gray dolphin with a slightly d","tags":"","type":"article","source":"Mammalian Species","title":"Steno bredanensis (Cetacea: Delphinidae)","volume":"43","issue":"","pages":"177--189","series":"","chapter":"","websites":"","accessed":"","publisher":"","address":"","institution":"","doi":"10.1644/886.1","issn":"0076-3519","link":"https://academic.oup.com/mspecies/article/43/886/177/2642991","_id":"5cec3511241cdf1a337b4508","last_modified":null,"created":null},{"identifiers":[],"authors":["da Silva, Dayse M. P.","Azevedo, Alexandre F.","Secchi, Eduardo R.","Barbosa, Lupércio A.","Flores, Paulo A. C.","Carvalho, Rafael R.","Bisi, Tatiana L.","Lailson-Brito, José","Cunha, Haydée A."],"editors":[],"keywords":[""],"year":"2015-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","profile_id":"","group_id":"","abstract":"Abstract.  Several delphinid species have shown genetic population structure, both between and within ocean basins. 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Su longitud (cabeza-cuerpo) es de 30-40 cm, el tamaño de su cola oscila entre los 40-50 cm y pesa alrededor de 1,0 kg. Su cuerpo es de color café amarillento tornándose rojo amarillento en las zonas del abdomen, barba, garganta, patillas, brazos y piernas, y su cola es blanquecina a excepción de una línea rojiza en la parte proximodistal (Basto-González, 2009).\n\nEl socay es un organismo eucarionte que posee 44 cromosomas (2n) de los cuales 16 son Bi (Metacéntricos y submetacéntricos) destacándose el par 1 como metacéntrico de gran tamaño que duplica el tamaño del siguiente cromosoma y el par 8 como metacéntrico bastante pequeño con la mitad del tamaño del cromosoma anterior, y 26 son acrocéntricos, destacándose el par 21 como cromosoma marcador que presenta satélites en sus brazos largos. El cromosoma “X” es metacéntrico y mediano mientras que el cromosoma “Y” es muy pequeño y al parecer metacéntrico. 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Su tamaño, incluyendo la cabeza y el dorso es de aproximadamente 30 cm, su cola mide en promedio 36 cm y posee un peso de 916 gramos (Defler, 2010).","ancillaryData":[{"mediaURL":[],"agent":[],"reference":[{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Defler, T. R."],"editors":[],"keywords":[""],"year":"2010-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","profile_id":"","group_id":"","abstract":"","tags":"","type":"book","source":"","title":"Historia Natural de los Primates Colombianos","issue":"","series":"","chapter":"","websites":"","accessed":"","publisher":"","address":"","institution":"","link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232631865","_id":"63b4a8d96aede5d5584665fe","last_modified":null,"created":null},{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Defler, T. 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Actualmente, según estudios de Ruiz García et al. (2010) y Boubli et al. (2010) se cree que es una especie independiente, siendo necesario realizar más estudios de las poblaciones de Cebus. Su pelaje presenta una coloración parda oscura en todo su cuerpo y amarilla en su cola (Defler, 2010).","ancillaryData":[{"mediaURL":[],"agent":[],"reference":[{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Boubli, J. P.","Rylands, A. B.","Farias, I. P.","Alfaro, M. E.","Lynch-Alfaro, J."],"editors":[],"keywords":["Amazon, Andes, Biogeography, Cebus albifrons, Cebus capucinus, Cebus olivaceus, Central America, Gracile capuchins, Untufted capuchins"],"year":"2012-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","profile_id":"","group_id":"","abstract":"The untufted, or gracile, capuchin monkeys are currently classified in four species, Cebus albifrons, C. capucinus, C. olivaceus, and C. kaapori, with all but C. kaapori having numerous described subspecies. The taxonomy is controversial and their geographic distributions are poorly known. Cebus albifrons is unusual in its disjunct distribution, with a western and central Amazonian range, a separate range in the northern Andes in Colombia, and isolated populations in Trinidad and west of the Andes in Ecuador and northern Peru. Here we examine previous morphological and molecular hypotheses of the taxonomy and phylogeny of Cebus. We construct a time-calibrated phylogeny based upon mitochondrial DNA sequences from 50 Cebus samples from across their range. Our data indicate that untufted capuchins underwent a radiation at about 2 Ma, and quickly diversified in both the Andes and the Amazon. We provide a provisional reassessment for the taxonomy of untufted capuchins in the Amazon, the Llanos, the Andes, Trinidad, and Central America, splitting currently paraphyletic taxa into several species, including: at least two Amazonian species (C. yuracus and C. unicolor); a species from the Guiana Shield (most likely the same as Humboldt's C. albifrons); two northern Andean species, C. versicolor, C. cesarae; C. brunneus (with trinitatis a junior synonym) on the Venezuelan coast, and C. adustus in the region of Lake Maracaibo; C. capucinus in northwestern Ecuador and Colombia, and Panama; C. imitator in Central America; C. olivaceus and C. castaneus occupying a large part of the Guiana Shield; and C. kaapori in the eastern Amazon, south of the Rio Amazonas. More intensive and extensive geographic sampling is needed, including that for some subspecies not represented here. Taxa from the southwestern Amazon (yuracus, cuscinus, and unicolor) and the phylogenetic position of Humboldt's Simia albifrons from the Orinoco remain particularly poorly defined. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.","tags":"","type":"article","source":"American Journal of Primatology","title":"Cebus Phylogenetic Relationships: A Preliminary Reassessment of the Diversity of the Untufted Capuchin Monkeys","volume":"74","issue":"","pages":"381--393","series":"","chapter":"","websites":"","accessed":"","publisher":"","address":"","institution":"","doi":"10.1002/ajp.21998","issn":"02752565","_id":"63b6d95a5ece9d1b836201ac","last_modified":null,"created":null},{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Defler, T. R."],"editors":[],"keywords":[""],"year":"2010-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","profile_id":"","group_id":"","abstract":"","tags":"","type":"book","source":"","title":"Historia Natural de los Primates Colombianos","issue":"","series":"","chapter":"","websites":"","accessed":"","publisher":"","address":"","institution":"","link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232631865","_id":"63b6d95a5ece9d1b836201ab","last_modified":null,"created":null},{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Ruiz-García, M.","Castillo, M. I.","Vásquez, C.","Rodriguez, K.","Pinedo-Castro, M.","Shostell, J.","Leguizamon, N."],"editors":[],"keywords":["Colombia, Peru, Cebus albifrons, Cebidae-Primates, Molecular phylogeography, MtCOII gene, Population genetics"],"year":"2010-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","profile_id":"","group_id":"","abstract":"A total of 696 base pairs (bp) of the mitochondrial COII gene were sequenced from 118 individuals of Cebus albifrons (plus an individual of Cebus olivaceus) sampled from diverse geographical areas of Colombia, Peru, Ecuador and Brazil. These animals represented all of the C. albifrons's taxa described by Hershkovitz (1949) in Colombia and Peru (10 out of 13 subspecies are described by this author). The sequences analyzed demonstrate the existence of three well defined groups in northern Colombia (trans-Andean): malitosus, versicolor-pleei-cesarae and leucocephalus. They arose from at least, three distinct migrations from different Amazonian groups. Five different Amazonian and Eastern Llanos C. albifrons's groups (I, II, III, IV, and V) were also found. In many Amazonian localities, some of these groups live in sympatry probably by secondary expansion after their respective formations. Amazonian group I is closely related to the versicolor-pleei-cesarae group, malitosus is closely related to Amazonian group V, while leucocephalus is closely related to Amazonian group IV. Nevertheless, our genetic analysis could not resolve the genetic relationships among the main C. albifrons groups. The ρ-statistic applied to the median-joining network yielded that the major part of the temporal splits estimated occurred in the Pleistocene, reinforcing the importance of the Pleistocene refugia during the evolution of C. albifrons. © 2010 Elsevier Inc.","tags":"","type":"article","source":"Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution","title":"Molecular phylogenetics and phylogeography of the white-fronted capuchin (Cebus albifrons; Cebidae, Primates) by means of mtCOII gene sequences","volume":"57","issue":"","pages":"1049--1061","series":"","chapter":"","websites":"","accessed":"","publisher":"","address":"","institution":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ympev.2010.09.002","issn":"10557903","_id":"63b6d95a5ece9d1b836201aa","last_modified":null,"created":null}],"dataType":"","mimeType":"","created":null,"modified":null,"title":"","license":"Atribución - No Comercial - Compartir igual (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)","rights":"","rightsHolder":"","bibliographicCitation":"","source":"","description":"","thumbnailURL":"","location":"","geoPoint":"","additionalInformation":"","dataObject":"","_id":"63b6d95a5ece9d1b836201a9","subject":[],"audience":[]}]},"element":"fullDescription","created":"2023-01-05T14:06:18.000Z"},"habitats_version":null,"imageInfo":{"mainImage":"https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/146686283/original.jpeg","thumbnailImage":"https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/146686283/original.jpeg","source":"","rightsHolder":"ddavilareyes","license":"CC BY-NC"},"threatStatusApprovedInUse":{"_id":"65612662c6e55fb6c08bb361","created":"2023-11-24T22:40:34.000Z","state":"approved_in_use","element":"threatStatus","id_user":"sib+ac@humboldt.org.co","threatStatus":[{"_id":"65612662c6e55fb6c08bb366","threatStatusAtomized":{"threatCategory":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[],"measurementValue":"EN","measurementType":"UICN"},"_id":"65612662c6e55fb6c08bb367","authority":["UICN"],"apendiceCITES":[],"appliesTo":{"country":"GLOBAL"}}},{"_id":"65612662c6e55fb6c08bb368","threatStatusAtomized":{"threatCategory":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[],"measurementValue":"EN","measurementType":"MADS"},"_id":"65612662c6e55fb6c08bb369","authority":["MINISTERIO DE AMBIENTE Y DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE"],"apendiceCITES":[],"appliesTo":{"country":"Nacional"}}}],"id_record":"5e3b3ad77312d26d51df57f5","version":1,"__v":0}},{"originAtomized":{"exotic":false,"invasive":false},"_id":"5e3b3b0d7312d26d51df580e","creation_date":"2020-02-05T22:00:45.000Z","taxonRecordNameApprovedInUse":{"taxonRecordName":{"scientificName":{"canonicalName":{"simple":"Cebus versicolor"},"canonicalAuthorship":{"simple":"Pucheran, 1845"}}}},"scientificNameSimple":"Cebus versicolor Pucheran, 1845","commonNames":[{"language":"Español","name":"Mono maicero cariblanco colombiano"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Varied White-fronted Capuchin"}],"fullDescriptionApprovedInUse":{"_id":"63b6e185035c7abc84e74c14","__t":"FullDescriptionVersion","version":3,"id_record":"5e3b3b0d7312d26d51df580e","id_user":"sib@humboldt.org.co","fullDescription":{"_id":"63b6e185035c7abc84e74c15","fullDescriptionAtomized":[],"fullDescriptionUnstructured":"Anteriormente se creía que las poblaciones de Cebus leucocephalus, C. malitiosus y C. versicolor eran subespecies de C. albifrons. Sin embargo, a partir de estudios realizados por Boubli et al. (2012) y Ruiz-García et al. (2010), C. versicolor se clasifico como una especie diferente.. Se caracteriza por tener el pelaje de colores pálidos, tonos rojizos en los antebrazos y espalda y color café en el resto del cuerpo (Fragaszy et al., 2004)","ancillaryData":[{"mediaURL":[],"agent":[],"reference":[{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Boubli, J. P.","Rylands, A. B.","Farias, I. P.","Alfaro, M. E.","Lynch-Alfaro, J."],"editors":[],"keywords":["Amazon, Andes, Biogeography, Cebus albifrons, Cebus capucinus, Cebus olivaceus, Central America, Gracile capuchins, Untufted capuchins"],"year":"2012-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","profile_id":"","group_id":"","abstract":"The untufted, or gracile, capuchin monkeys are currently classified in four species, Cebus albifrons, C. capucinus, C. olivaceus, and C. kaapori, with all but C. kaapori having numerous described subspecies. The taxonomy is controversial and their geographic distributions are poorly known. Cebus albifrons is unusual in its disjunct distribution, with a western and central Amazonian range, a separate range in the northern Andes in Colombia, and isolated populations in Trinidad and west of the Andes in Ecuador and northern Peru. Here we examine previous morphological and molecular hypotheses of the taxonomy and phylogeny of Cebus. We construct a time-calibrated phylogeny based upon mitochondrial DNA sequences from 50 Cebus samples from across their range. Our data indicate that untufted capuchins underwent a radiation at about 2 Ma, and quickly diversified in both the Andes and the Amazon. We provide a provisional reassessment for the taxonomy of untufted capuchins in the Amazon, the Llanos, the Andes, Trinidad, and Central America, splitting currently paraphyletic taxa into several species, including: at least two Amazonian species (C. yuracus and C. unicolor); a species from the Guiana Shield (most likely the same as Humboldt's C. albifrons); two northern Andean species, C. versicolor, C. cesarae; C. brunneus (with trinitatis a junior synonym) on the Venezuelan coast, and C. adustus in the region of Lake Maracaibo; C. capucinus in northwestern Ecuador and Colombia, and Panama; C. imitator in Central America; C. olivaceus and C. castaneus occupying a large part of the Guiana Shield; and C. kaapori in the eastern Amazon, south of the Rio Amazonas. More intensive and extensive geographic sampling is needed, including that for some subspecies not represented here. Taxa from the southwestern Amazon (yuracus, cuscinus, and unicolor) and the phylogenetic position of Humboldt's Simia albifrons from the Orinoco remain particularly poorly defined. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.","tags":"","type":"article","source":"American Journal of Primatology","title":"Cebus Phylogenetic Relationships: A Preliminary Reassessment of the Diversity of the Untufted Capuchin Monkeys","volume":"74","issue":"","pages":"381--393","series":"","chapter":"","websites":"","accessed":"","publisher":"","address":"","institution":"","doi":"10.1002/ajp.21998","issn":"02752565","_id":"63b6e185035c7abc84e74c19","last_modified":null,"created":null},{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Ruiz-García, M.","Castillo, M. I.","Vásquez, C.","Rodriguez, K.","Pinedo-Castro, M.","Shostell, J.","Leguizamon, N."],"editors":[],"keywords":["Colombia, Peru, Cebus albifrons, Cebidae-Primates, Molecular phylogeography, MtCOII gene, Population genetics"],"year":"2010-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","profile_id":"","group_id":"","abstract":"A total of 696 base pairs (bp) of the mitochondrial COII gene were sequenced from 118 individuals of Cebus albifrons (plus an individual of Cebus olivaceus) sampled from diverse geographical areas of Colombia, Peru, Ecuador and Brazil. These animals represented all of the C. albifrons's taxa described by Hershkovitz (1949) in Colombia and Peru (10 out of 13 subspecies are described by this author). The sequences analyzed demonstrate the existence of three well defined groups in northern Colombia (trans-Andean): malitosus, versicolor-pleei-cesarae and leucocephalus. They arose from at least, three distinct migrations from different Amazonian groups. Five different Amazonian and Eastern Llanos C. albifrons's groups (I, II, III, IV, and V) were also found. In many Amazonian localities, some of these groups live in sympatry probably by secondary expansion after their respective formations. Amazonian group I is closely related to the versicolor-pleei-cesarae group, malitosus is closely related to Amazonian group V, while leucocephalus is closely related to Amazonian group IV. Nevertheless, our genetic analysis could not resolve the genetic relationships among the main C. albifrons groups. The ρ-statistic applied to the median-joining network yielded that the major part of the temporal splits estimated occurred in the Pleistocene, reinforcing the importance of the Pleistocene refugia during the evolution of C. albifrons. © 2010 Elsevier Inc.","tags":"","type":"article","source":"Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution","title":"Molecular phylogenetics and phylogeography of the white-fronted capuchin (Cebus albifrons; Cebidae, Primates) by means of mtCOII gene sequences","volume":"57","issue":"","pages":"1049--1061","series":"","chapter":"","websites":"","accessed":"","publisher":"","address":"","institution":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ympev.2010.09.002","issn":"10557903","_id":"63b6e185035c7abc84e74c18","last_modified":null,"created":null},{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Fragaszy-Dorothy, M.","Visalberghi, E.","Fedigan, L. M."],"editors":[],"keywords":[""],"year":"2004-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","profile_id":"","group_id":"","abstract":"","tags":"","type":"book","source":"","title":"The Complete Capuchin: The Biology of the Genus Cebus","issue":"","series":"","chapter":"","websites":"","accessed":"","publisher":"","address":"","institution":"","link":"ttps://books.google.es/books?hl=es&lr=&id=A6TmtS_qOwgC&oi=fnd&pg=PP11&dq=cebus+versicolor&ots=2HA_GApFWJ&sig=7s1_7ZZYuFxfqibh1gPv8MLkPwA#v=onepage&q=cebus%20versicolor&f=false","_id":"63b6e185035c7abc84e74c17","last_modified":null,"created":null}],"dataType":"","mimeType":"","created":null,"modified":null,"title":"","license":"Atribución - No Comercial - Compartir igual (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)","rights":"","rightsHolder":"","bibliographicCitation":"","source":"","description":"","thumbnailURL":"","location":"","geoPoint":"","additionalInformation":"","dataObject":"","_id":"63b6e185035c7abc84e74c16","subject":[],"audience":[]}]},"element":"fullDescription","created":"2023-01-05T14:41:09.000Z"},"habitats_version":null,"imageInfo":{"mainImage":"https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/113379023/original.jpeg","thumbnailImage":"https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/113379023/original.jpeg","source":"","rightsHolder":"SGA VC","license":"CC BY-NC"},"threatStatusApprovedInUse":{"_id":"65612662c6e55fb6c08bb36a","created":"2023-11-24T22:40:34.000Z","state":"approved_in_use","element":"threatStatus","id_user":"sib+ac@humboldt.org.co","threatStatus":[{"_id":"65612662c6e55fb6c08bb36f","threatStatusAtomized":{"threatCategory":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[],"measurementValue":"EN","measurementType":"UICN"},"_id":"65612662c6e55fb6c08bb370","authority":["UICN"],"apendiceCITES":[],"appliesTo":{"country":"GLOBAL"}}},{"_id":"65612662c6e55fb6c08bb371","threatStatusAtomized":{"threatCategory":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[],"measurementValue":"EN","measurementType":"MADS"},"_id":"65612662c6e55fb6c08bb372","authority":["MINISTERIO DE AMBIENTE Y DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE"],"apendiceCITES":[],"appliesTo":{"country":"Nacional"}}}],"id_record":"5e3b3b0d7312d26d51df580e","version":1,"__v":0}},{"originAtomized":{"exotic":false,"invasive":false},"_id":"5e3b3b307312d26d51df5830","creation_date":"2020-02-05T22:01:20.000Z","taxonRecordNameApprovedInUse":{"taxonRecordName":{"scientificName":{"canonicalName":{"simple":"Cheracebus lucifer"},"canonicalAuthorship":{"simple":" (Thomas, 1914)"}}}},"scientificNameSimple":"Cheracebus lucifer (Thomas, 1914)","commonNames":[{"language":"Español","name":"Titi de manos amarilla"},{"language":null,"name":"Huicoco"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Yellow-handed Titi"}],"fullDescriptionApprovedInUse":{"_id":"63b6f37df1df140686bd4748","__t":"FullDescriptionVersion","version":1,"id_record":"5e3b3b307312d26d51df5830","id_user":"sib@humboldt.org.co","fullDescription":{"_id":"63b6f37df1df140686bd4749","fullDescriptionAtomized":[],"fullDescriptionUnstructured":"Antes era tratada como una subespecie de Callicebus torquatus. Byrne et al., (2006) identificaron 4 clados de Callicebus y proponen que el género Cheracebus sea usado para las especies del grupo torquatus, incluyendo a C. lucifer, C. lugens y C. medemi como especies y esta taxonomía es actualmente aceptada. \n\nEste primate posee pies, cabeza, patillas, vientre y partes inferiores negruzcas, su cola es de color castaño-rojizo, se diferencia de C. medemi porque sus manos son de color naranja (Lawrence, 2016).","ancillaryData":[{"mediaURL":[],"agent":[],"reference":[{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Byrne, H.","Rylands, A. B.","Carneiro, J. C.","Lynch-Alfaro, J.","Bertuol, F.","Silva, M.","Messias, M.","Groves, C. P.","Mittermeier, R.","Farias, I.","Hrbek, T.","Schneider, H.","Sampaio, I.","Boubli, J. P."],"editors":[],"keywords":["Amazon, Platyrrhini, Atlantic forest, Callicebinae, Callicebus, Cheracebus, Genus-level taxonomy, Molecular phylogenetics, Plecturocebus, Titi monkey"],"year":"2016-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","profile_id":"","group_id":"","abstract":"Background: Titi monkeys, Callicebus, comprise the most species-rich primate genus-34 species are currently recognised, five of them described since 2005. The lack of molecular data for titi monkeys has meant that little is known of their phylogenetic relationships and divergence times. To clarify their evolutionary history, we assembled a large molecular dataset by sequencing 20 nuclear and two mitochondrial loci for 15 species, including representatives from all recognised species groups. Phylogenetic relationships were inferred using concatenated maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses, allowing us to evaluate the current taxonomic hypothesis for the genus. Results: Our results show four distinct Callicebus clades, for the most part concordant with the currently recognised morphological species-groups-the torquatus group, the personatus group, the donacophilus group, and the moloch group. The cupreus and moloch groups are not monophyletic, and all species of the formerly recognized cupreus group are reassigned to the moloch group. Two of the major divergence events are dated to the Miocene. The torquatus group, the oldest radiation, diverged c. 11 Ma; and the Atlantic forest personatus group split from the ancestor of all donacophilus and moloch species at 9-8 Ma. There is little molecular evidence for the separation of Callicebus caligatus and C. dubius, and we suggest that C. dubius should be considered a junior synonym of a polymorphic C. caligatus. Conclusions: Considering molecular, morphological and biogeographic evidence, we propose a new genus level taxonomy for titi monkeys: Cheracebus n. gen. in the Orinoco, Negro and upper Amazon basins (torquatus group), Callicebus Thomas, 1903, in the Atlantic Forest (personatus group), and Plecturocebus n. gen. in the Amazon basin and Chaco region (donacophilus and moloch groups).","tags":"","type":"article","source":"Frontiers in Zoology","title":"Phylogenetic relationships of the New World titi monkeys (Callicebus): First appraisal of taxonomy based on molecular evidence","volume":"13","issue":"","series":"","chapter":"","websites":"","accessed":"","publisher":"","address":"","institution":"","doi":"10.1186/s12983-016-0142-4","issn":"17429994","_id":"63b6f37df1df140686bd474c","last_modified":null,"created":null},{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Lawrence, J."],"editors":["Rowe, N.","Myers, M."],"keywords":[""],"year":"2016-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","profile_id":"","group_id":"","abstract":"","tags":"","type":"book_section","source":"All the World 's Primates","title":"Callicebus lucifer—Yellow-handed Titi Monkey","issue":"","series":"","chapter":"","websites":"","accessed":"","publisher":"","address":"","institution":"","link":": http://www.alltheworldsprimates.org","_id":"63b6f37df1df140686bd474b","last_modified":null,"created":null}],"dataType":"","mimeType":"","created":null,"modified":null,"title":"","license":"Atribución - No Comercial - Compartir igual (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)","rights":"","rightsHolder":"","bibliographicCitation":"","source":"","description":"","thumbnailURL":"","location":"","geoPoint":"","additionalInformation":"","dataObject":"","_id":"63b6f37df1df140686bd474a","subject":[],"audience":[]}]},"element":"fullDescription","created":"2023-01-05T15:57:49.000Z"},"habitats_version":null,"imageInfo":{"mainImage":"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Callicebus_lucifer.jpg","thumbnailImage":"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Callicebus_lucifer.jpg","source":"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Callicebus_lucifer.jpg","rightsHolder":"Greentrek Sustainable Travel ( www.greentrek.org)","license":"CC BY"},"threatStatusApprovedInUse":{"_id":"65612663c6e55fb6c08bb50a","created":"2023-11-24T22:40:35.000Z","state":"approved_in_use","element":"threatStatus","id_user":"sib+ac@humboldt.org.co","threatStatus":[{"_id":"65612663c6e55fb6c08bb50f","threatStatusAtomized":{"threatCategory":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[],"measurementValue":"LC","measurementType":"UICN"},"_id":"65612663c6e55fb6c08bb510","authority":["UICN"],"apendiceCITES":[],"appliesTo":{"country":"GLOBAL"}}}],"id_record":"5e3b3b307312d26d51df5830","version":1,"__v":0}},{"originAtomized":{"exotic":false,"invasive":false},"_id":"5e3b3b4a7312d26d51df5846","creation_date":"2020-02-05T22:01:46.000Z","taxonRecordNameApprovedInUse":{"taxonRecordName":{"scientificName":{"canonicalName":{"simple":"Cheracebus lugens"},"canonicalAuthorship":{"simple":" (Humboldt, 1811)"}}}},"scientificNameSimple":"Cheracebus lugens (Humboldt, 1811)","commonNames":[{"language":"Español","name":"La viudita"},{"language":"Español","name":"Zocayo negro"},{"language":"Español","name":"Tití de manos blancas"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Widow Monkey"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"White-chested Titi"}],"fullDescriptionApprovedInUse":{"_id":"63b704a866f5e93087489060","__t":"FullDescriptionVersion","version":1,"id_record":"5e3b3b4a7312d26d51df5846","id_user":"sib@humboldt.org.co","fullDescription":{"_id":"63b704a866f5e93087489061","fullDescriptionAtomized":[],"fullDescriptionUnstructured":"Antes era clasificada como una subespecie de Callicebus torquatus. Posteriormente Byrne et al. (2016) propusieron incluir en el género Cheracebus a las especies del grupo torquatus como especies.","ancillaryData":[{"mediaURL":[],"agent":[],"reference":[{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Byrne, H.","Rylands, A. B.","Carneiro, J. C.","Lynch-Alfaro, J.","Bertuol, F.","Silva, M. N. F.","Messias, M.","Groves, C. P.","Mittermeier, R. A.","Farias, I.","Hrbek, T.","Schneider, H.","Sampaio, I.","Boubli, J. P."],"editors":[],"keywords":["Amazon, Platyrrhini, Atlantic forest, Callicebinae, Callicebus, Cheracebus, Genus-level taxonomy, Molecular phylogenetics, Plecturocebus, Titi monkey"],"year":"2016-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","profile_id":"","group_id":"","abstract":"Background: Titi monkeys, Callicebus, comprise the most species-rich primate genus-34 species are currently recognised, five of them described since 2005. The lack of molecular data for titi monkeys has meant that little is known of their phylogenetic relationships and divergence times. To clarify their evolutionary history, we assembled a large molecular dataset by sequencing 20 nuclear and two mitochondrial loci for 15 species, including representatives from all recognised species groups. Phylogenetic relationships were inferred using concatenated maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses, allowing us to evaluate the current taxonomic hypothesis for the genus. Results: Our results show four distinct Callicebus clades, for the most part concordant with the currently recognised morphological species-groups-the torquatus group, the personatus group, the donacophilus group, and the moloch group. The cupreus and moloch groups are not monophyletic, and all species of the formerly recognized cupreus group are reassigned to the moloch group. Two of the major divergence events are dated to the Miocene. The torquatus group, the oldest radiation, diverged c. 11 Ma; and the Atlantic forest personatus group split from the ancestor of all donacophilus and moloch species at 9-8 Ma. There is little molecular evidence for the separation of Callicebus caligatus and C. dubius, and we suggest that C. dubius should be considered a junior synonym of a polymorphic C. caligatus. Conclusions: Considering molecular, morphological and biogeographic evidence, we propose a new genus level taxonomy for titi monkeys: Cheracebus n. gen. in the Orinoco, Negro and upper Amazon basins (torquatus group), Callicebus Thomas, 1903, in the Atlantic Forest (personatus group), and Plecturocebus n. gen. in the Amazon basin and Chaco region (donacophilus and moloch groups).","tags":"","type":"article","source":"Frontiers in Zoology","title":"Phylogenetic relationships of the New World titi monkeys (Callicebus): First appraisal of taxonomy based on molecular evidence","volume":"13","issue":"","series":"","chapter":"","websites":"","accessed":"","publisher":"","address":"","institution":"","doi":"10.1186/s12983-016-0142-4","issn":"17429994","_id":"63b704a866f5e93087489063","last_modified":null,"created":null}],"dataType":"","mimeType":"","created":null,"modified":null,"title":"","license":"Atribución - No Comercial - Compartir igual (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)","rights":"","rightsHolder":"","bibliographicCitation":"","source":"","description":"","thumbnailURL":"","location":"","geoPoint":"","additionalInformation":"","dataObject":"","_id":"63b704a866f5e93087489062","subject":[],"audience":[]}]},"element":"fullDescription","created":"2023-01-05T17:11:04.000Z"},"habitats_version":null,"imageInfo":{"mainImage":"https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/155490962/large.jpg","thumbnailImage":"https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/155490962/large.jpg","source":"","rightsHolder":"davidkmcd","license":"CC BY-NC"},"threatStatusApprovedInUse":{"_id":"656126f8c6e55fb6c08c1d2c","created":"2023-11-24T22:43:04.000Z","state":"approved_in_use","element":"threatStatus","id_user":"sib+ac@humboldt.org.co","threatStatus":[{"_id":"656126f8c6e55fb6c08c1d31","threatStatusAtomized":{"threatCategory":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[],"measurementValue":"LC","measurementType":"UICN"},"_id":"656126f8c6e55fb6c08c1d32","authority":["UICN"],"apendiceCITES":[],"appliesTo":{"country":"GLOBAL"}}}],"id_record":"5e3b3b4a7312d26d51df5846","version":1,"__v":0}},{"originAtomized":{"exotic":false,"invasive":false},"_id":"5e3b3b6b7312d26d51df5866","creation_date":"2020-02-05T22:02:19.000Z","taxonRecordNameApprovedInUse":{"taxonRecordName":{"scientificName":{"canonicalName":{"simple":"Cheracebus medemi"},"canonicalAuthorship":{"simple":" (Hershkovitz, 1963)"}}}},"scientificNameSimple":"Cheracebus medemi (Hershkovitz, 1963)","commonNames":[{"language":"Español","name":"Huicoco"},{"language":"Español","name":"Tití de manos negras"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Medem's Titi"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Black-handed Titi"}],"fullDescriptionApprovedInUse":{"_id":"63b70b5166f5e930874890cd","__t":"FullDescriptionVersion","version":1,"id_record":"5e3b3b6b7312d26d51df5866","id_user":"sib@humboldt.org.co","fullDescription":{"_id":"63b70b5166f5e930874890ce","fullDescriptionAtomized":[],"fullDescriptionUnstructured":"Anteriormente era considerada una subespecie de Callicebus torquatus, sin embargo, Byrne et al. (2016) identificaron cuatro clados distintos de Callicebus y proponen el uso del género Cheracebus para las especies del grupo torquatus, incluyendo a C. lucifer, C. lugens y C. medemi como especies. Por el contrario, investigaciones de Bueno & Defler (2010) consideran a C. medemi y C. lucifer como subespecies de C. torquatus.","ancillaryData":[{"mediaURL":[],"agent":[],"reference":[{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Byrne, H.","Rylands, A. B.","Carneiro, J. C.","Lynch-Alfaro, J.","Bertuol, F.","Silva, Maria N. F. da","Messias, Mariluce","Groves, Colin P.","Mittermeier, Russell A.","Farias, Izeni","Hrbek, Tomas","Schneider, Horacio","Sampaio, Iracilda","Boubli, Jean P."],"editors":[],"keywords":["Amazon, Platyrrhini, Atlantic forest, Callicebinae, Callicebus, Cheracebus, Genus-level taxonomy, Molecular phylogenetics, Plecturocebus, Titi monkey"],"year":"2016-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","profile_id":"","group_id":"","abstract":"Background: Titi monkeys, Callicebus, comprise the most species-rich primate genus-34 species are currently recognised, five of them described since 2005. The lack of molecular data for titi monkeys has meant that little is known of their phylogenetic relationships and divergence times. To clarify their evolutionary history, we assembled a large molecular dataset by sequencing 20 nuclear and two mitochondrial loci for 15 species, including representatives from all recognised species groups. Phylogenetic relationships were inferred using concatenated maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses, allowing us to evaluate the current taxonomic hypothesis for the genus. Results: Our results show four distinct Callicebus clades, for the most part concordant with the currently recognised morphological species-groups-the torquatus group, the personatus group, the donacophilus group, and the moloch group. The cupreus and moloch groups are not monophyletic, and all species of the formerly recognized cupreus group are reassigned to the moloch group. Two of the major divergence events are dated to the Miocene. The torquatus group, the oldest radiation, diverged c. 11 Ma; and the Atlantic forest personatus group split from the ancestor of all donacophilus and moloch species at 9-8 Ma. There is little molecular evidence for the separation of Callicebus caligatus and C. dubius, and we suggest that C. dubius should be considered a junior synonym of a polymorphic C. caligatus. Conclusions: Considering molecular, morphological and biogeographic evidence, we propose a new genus level taxonomy for titi monkeys: Cheracebus n. gen. in the Orinoco, Negro and upper Amazon basins (torquatus group), Callicebus Thomas, 1903, in the Atlantic Forest (personatus group), and Plecturocebus n. gen. in the Amazon basin and Chaco region (donacophilus and moloch groups).","tags":"","type":"article","source":"Frontiers in Zoology","title":"Phylogenetic relationships of the New World titi monkeys (Callicebus): First appraisal of taxonomy based on molecular evidence","volume":"13","issue":"","series":"","chapter":"","websites":"","accessed":"","publisher":"","address":"","institution":"","doi":"10.1186/s12983-016-0142-4","issn":"17429994","_id":"63b70b5166f5e930874890d1","last_modified":null,"created":null},{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Bueno, M. L.","Defler, T. 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These phylogenetic data, in concert with the consistent difference in body size between the two groups and geographical patterns (small-bodied tamarins and large-bodied tamarins have an unusually high degree of geographic overlap for congeners) lend support to our suggestion to split Saguinus into two genera, and we propose the use of distinct generic names; Leontocebus and Saguinus, respectively.","tags":"","type":"article","source":"Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution","title":"Biogeography of the marmosets and tamarins (Callitrichidae)","volume":"82","issue":"","pages":"413--425","series":"","chapter":"","websites":"","accessed":"","publisher":"","address":"","institution":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ympev.2014.04.031","issn":"10959513","_id":"63bf7465d9a5b971ebf2fc5b","last_modified":null,"created":null},{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Defler, T. 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These phylogenetic data, in concert with the consistent difference in body size between the two groups and geographical patterns (small-bodied tamarins and large-bodied tamarins have an unusually high degree of geographic overlap for congeners) lend support to our suggestion to split Saguinus into two genera, and we propose the use of distinct generic names; Leontocebus and Saguinus, respectively.","tags":"","type":"article","source":"Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution","title":"Biogeography of the marmosets and tamarins (Callitrichidae)","volume":"82","issue":"","pages":"413--425","series":"","chapter":"","websites":"","accessed":"","publisher":"","address":"","institution":"","doi":"10.1016/j.ympev.2014.04.031","issn":"10959513","_id":"63c048ba4564c496ecbb6bd4","last_modified":null,"created":null},{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Hershkovitz, P."],"editors":[],"keywords":[""],"year":"1982-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","profile_id":"","group_id":"","abstract":"","tags":"","type":"article","source":"Biological Society of Washington","title":"Subspecies and geographic distribution of the black-mantle tamarins (Saguinus nigricollis spix) (Primates: Callittrichidae)","issue":"","pages":"647--656","series":"","chapter":"","websites":"","accessed":"","publisher":"","address":"","institution":"","_id":"63c048ba4564c496ecbb6bd3","last_modified":null,"created":null}],"dataType":"","mimeType":"","created":null,"modified":null,"title":"","license":"Atribución - No Comercial - Compartir igual (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)","rights":"","rightsHolder":"","bibliographicCitation":"","source":"","description":"","thumbnailURL":"","location":"","geoPoint":"","additionalInformation":"","dataObject":"","_id":"63c048ba4564c496ecbb6bd2","subject":[],"audience":[]}]},"element":"fullDescription","created":"2023-01-12T17:51:54.000Z"},"habitats_version":null,"imageInfo":{"mainImage":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Black-mantled-Tamarin-ZOO-Jihlava.jpg","thumbnailImage":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Black-mantled-Tamarin-ZOO-Jihlava.jpg","source":"","rightsHolder":"Mistvan","license":"Public Domain"},"threatStatusApprovedInUse":{"_id":"65612682c6e55fb6c08bc7bb","created":"2023-11-24T22:41:06.000Z","state":"approved_in_use","element":"threatStatus","id_user":"sib+ac@humboldt.org.co","threatStatus":[{"_id":"65612682c6e55fb6c08bc7c0","threatStatusAtomized":{"threatCategory":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[],"measurementValue":"LC","measurementType":"UICN"},"_id":"65612682c6e55fb6c08bc7c1","authority":["UICN"],"apendiceCITES":[],"appliesTo":{"country":"GLOBAL"}}}],"id_record":"5e3b3bd77312d26d51df58e0","version":1,"__v":0}},{"originAtomized":{"exotic":false,"invasive":false},"_id":"5e3b3bf27312d26d51df58f6","creation_date":"2020-02-05T22:04:34.000Z","taxonRecordNameApprovedInUse":{"taxonRecordName":{"scientificName":{"canonicalName":{"simple":"Pithecia hirsuta"},"canonicalAuthorship":{"simple":"Spix, 1823"}}}},"scientificNameSimple":"Pithecia hirsuta Spix, 1823","commonNames":[{"language":"Español","name":"Mono volador"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Hairy Saki"},{"language":"Español","name":"Parahuaco"},{"language":"Español","name":"Huapo negro"},{"language":"Español","name":"Huapo"}],"fullDescriptionApprovedInUse":{"_id":"63c058c5083f65a1f58beb9a","__t":"FullDescriptionVersion","version":1,"id_record":"5e3b3bf27312d26d51df58f6","id_user":"sib@humboldt.org.co","fullDescription":{"_id":"63c058c5083f65a1f58beb9b","fullDescriptionAtomized":[],"fullDescriptionUnstructured":"Antes llamada Pithecia monachus. 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Phylogenetic relationships were inferred using concatenated maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses, allowing us to evaluate the current taxonomic hypothesis for the genus. Results: Our results show four distinct Callicebus clades, for the most part concordant with the currently recognised morphological species-groups-the torquatus group, the personatus group, the donacophilus group, and the moloch group. The cupreus and moloch groups are not monophyletic, and all species of the formerly recognized cupreus group are reassigned to the moloch group. Two of the major divergence events are dated to the Miocene. The torquatus group, the oldest radiation, diverged c. 11 Ma; and the Atlantic forest personatus group split from the ancestor of all donacophilus and moloch species at 9-8 Ma. There is little molecular evidence for the separation of Callicebus caligatus and C. dubius, and we suggest that C. dubius should be considered a junior synonym of a polymorphic C. caligatus. Conclusions: Considering molecular, morphological and biogeographic evidence, we propose a new genus level taxonomy for titi monkeys: Cheracebus n. gen. in the Orinoco, Negro and upper Amazon basins (torquatus group), Callicebus Thomas, 1903, in the Atlantic Forest (personatus group), and Plecturocebus n. gen. in the Amazon basin and Chaco region (donacophilus and moloch groups).","tags":"","type":"article","source":"Frontiers in Zoology","title":"Phylogenetic relationships of the New World titi monkeys (Callicebus): First appraisal of taxonomy based on molecular evidence","volume":"13","issue":"","series":"","chapter":"","websites":"","accessed":"","publisher":"","address":"","institution":"","doi":"10.1186/s12983-016-0142-4","issn":"17429994","_id":"63c0bf2afa732b6af6b82af0","last_modified":null,"created":null},{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Defler, T. 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Lugo de investigaciones filogenéticas realizadas por Byrne et al. (2016) se propuso usar el género Plecturocebus para las especies de los grupos donacophilus y moloch, incluyendo en este a P. caquetensis, P. discolor y P. ornatus. Posee un pelaje denso y largo, la parte dorsal y lateral de su cuerpo, además de su cola son de color marrón opaco y el resto de su cuerpo son de un color rojizo. La cabeza es redonda, pequeña y de color café, además de presentar una banda blanca en los ojos (Defler, 2010).","ancillaryData":[{"mediaURL":[],"agent":[],"reference":[{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Byrne, H.","Rylands, A. B.","Carneiro, J. C.","Lynch-Alfaro, J.","Bertuol, F.","Silva, M.","Messias, M.","Groves, C. P.","Mittermeier, R. A.","Farias, I.","Hrbek, T.","Schneider, H.","Sampaio, I.","Boubli, J. 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Luego de la realización de estudios de ADN, cariotipos, morfología y etiología a monos capuchinos, de determino que todos pertenecen al género Cebus (Ruiz-García et al., 2016).\n\nEs un primate de tamaño medio, los machos suelen ser más grandes que las hembras. El dorso es café rojizo con la zona pectoral amarillenta; la cabeza es ancha y con pelo negro, incluyendo la zona de las mejillas, formando asi un penacho sobre las orejas; las manos, piernas y pies son de color negro o café, notoriamente más oscuros que el resto del cuerpo (de la Torre, 2000; Rylands & Mittermeier, 2013). La fórmula dental es I 2/2, C 1/1, P 3/3 y M 3/3 para un total de 36 dientes (Tirira, 2007).","ancillaryData":[{"mediaURL":[],"agent":[],"reference":[{"identifiers":[],"authors":["de la Torre, S."],"editors":[],"keywords":[""],"year":"2000-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","profile_id":"","group_id":"","abstract":"","tags":"","type":"article","source":"Serie Fauna del Ecuador 1. 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Studies have tended to focus on the gracile species Cebus capucinus (fewer data are available for C. albifrons, C. olivaceus, and C. kaapori) and on Cebus apella, a name that has encompassed all of the robust capuchins since the 1960s. As a result, it is difficult to ascertain the variation within either gracile or robust types. The phylogenetic relationships between gracile and robust capuchins have also, until now, remained obscure. Recent studies have suggested two independent Pliocene radiations of capuchins stemming from a common ancestor in the Late Miocene, about 6.2 millions of years ago (Ma). The present-day gracile capuchins most likely originated in the Amazon, and the robust capuchins in the Atlantic Forest to the southeast. Sympatry between the two types is explained by a recent expansion of robust capuchins into the Amazon (ca. 400,000 years ago). Morphological data also support a division of capuchins into the same two distinct groups, and we propose the division of capuchin monkeys into two genera, Sapajus Kerr, 1792, for robust capuchins and Cebus Erxleben, 1777, for gracile capuchins, based on a review of extensive morphological, genetic, behavioral, ecological, and biogeographic evidence. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.","tags":"","type":"article","source":"American Journal of Primatology","title":"How Different Are Robust and Gracile Capuchin Monkeys? An Argument for the Use of Sapajus and Cebus","volume":"74","issue":"","pages":"273--286","series":"","chapter":"","websites":"","accessed":"","publisher":"","address":"","institution":"","doi":"10.1002/ajp.22007","issn":"02752565","_id":"63c48e8715f03d7a09b77cd7","last_modified":null,"created":null},{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Lynch Alfaro, J. W., Boubli, J. P., Olson, L. E., Di Fiore, A., Wilson, B., Gutierrez-Espeleta, G. 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A review of the evolution of the capuchins and suggestions on their systematics.","issue":"","pages":"1--60","series":"","chapter":"","websites":"","accessed":"","publisher":"","address":"","institution":"","_id":"63c48e8715f03d7a09b77cd4","last_modified":null,"created":null}],"dataType":"","mimeType":"","created":null,"modified":null,"title":"","license":"Atribución - No Comercial - Compartir igual (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)","rights":"","rightsHolder":"","bibliographicCitation":"","source":"","description":"","thumbnailURL":"","location":"","geoPoint":"","additionalInformation":"","dataObject":"","_id":"63c48e8715f03d7a09b77cd3","subject":[],"audience":[]}]},"element":"fullDescription","created":"2023-01-15T23:38:47.000Z"},"habitats_version":null,"imageInfo":{"mainImage":"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Cebus_appella.jpg","thumbnailImage":"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Cebus_appella.jpg","source":"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cebus_appella.jpg","rightsHolder":"Masteraah","license":"CC BY-SA"},"threatStatusApprovedInUse":{"_id":"656126a0c6e55fb6c08bde0d","created":"2023-11-24T22:41:36.000Z","state":"approved_in_use","element":"threatStatus","id_user":"sib+ac@humboldt.org.co","threatStatus":[{"_id":"656126a0c6e55fb6c08bde12","threatStatusAtomized":{"threatCategory":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[],"measurementValue":"LC","measurementType":"UICN"},"_id":"656126a0c6e55fb6c08bde13","authority":["UICN"],"apendiceCITES":[],"appliesTo":{"country":"GLOBAL"}}}],"id_record":"5e3b3c8b7312d26d51df59b3","version":1,"__v":0}},{"originAtomized":{"exotic":false,"invasive":false},"_id":"5e3c6e487312d26d51df5d6d","creation_date":"2020-02-06T19:51:36.000Z","taxonRecordNameApprovedInUse":{"taxonRecordName":{"scientificName":{"canonicalName":{"simple":"Didelphis pernigra"},"canonicalAuthorship":{"simple":"J.A.Allen, 1900"}}}},"scientificNameSimple":"Didelphis pernigra J.A.Allen, 1900","commonNames":[{"language":"Inglés","name":"Andean White-eared Opossum"},{"language":"Español","name":"Chucha"},{"language":"Español","name":"Fara"},{"language":"Español","name":"Zarigüeya orejiblanca andina"}],"fullDescriptionApprovedInUse":{"_id":"5feb545721feb6f15d9def76","__t":"FullDescriptionVersion","version":2,"id_record":"5e3c6e487312d26d51df5d6d","id_user":"sib@humboldt.org.co","fullDescription":{"_id":"5feb545721feb6f15d9def77","fullDescriptionAtomized":[],"fullDescriptionUnstructured":"En general tiene un pelaje denso de colores gris y negro en la parte dorsal. El vientre es de color amarillento o blanco totalmente diferente al dorso. La máscara facial negra es muy visible producto de que el fondo de color blanco es muy contrastante, las orejas son en su totalidad desudas. La cola no tiene pelos y es prensil, su longitud es menor que la cabeza y el cuerpo juntos. D. pernigra se diferencia de D. albiventris y D. imperfecta por tener el tercer premolar superior de un tamaño grande, mascara facial más marcada, orejas completamente blancas y ser morfometricamente mayor en la mayoría de los rasgos (Lemos & Cerqueira, 2002; Mendoza & Sánchez, 2014).","ancillaryData":[{"mediaURL":[],"agent":[],"reference":[{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Lemos, B","Cerqueira, R"],"editors":[],"keywords":["Bolivia,Cline,Didelphis,Evolution,Geographic variation,Marsupialia,Neotropical,Taxonomy"],"year":"2002-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","profile_id":"","group_id":"","abstract":"We analyzed phenotypic variation in white-eared Didelphis and its relevance to the current taxonomy of these opossums. On the basis of morphologic and morphometric data we show that the white-eared Didelphis can be split into 3 groups of populations referred to as albiventris, pernigra, and imperfecta. Morphologically, pernigra possesses a large, peg-like 3rd upper premolar (P3), whereas albiventris and imperfecta possess a small, non-peg-like P3. Also, albiventris has 88\\% of its specimens in the gray dorsal color phase, whereas the other 2 groups show similar percentages of specimens in the gray and black color phases. Morphometrically, pernigra is significantly larger (P \\textless 0.05; analysis of variance) than the other 2 groups in most traits. Squared Mahalanobis distances among the 3 groups were found to be high, and discriminant analysis was successful in separating groups (99\\% of cases correctly classified). The congruence in variation of independent traits indicates genetic differentiation among populations. In addition, the sharp discontinuity observed between the parapatric albiventris and pernigra in Bolivia suggests that limited or no gene flow occurs between them. We conclude that the 3 groups analyzed here merit taxonomic recognition at the species level.","tags":"","type":"article","source":"Journal of Mammalogy","title":"Morphological differentiation in the white-eared opossum group (Didelphidae: Didelphis)","volume":"83","issue":"","pages":"354--369","series":"","chapter":"","websites":"","accessed":"","publisher":"","address":"","institution":"","doi":"10.1644/1545-1542(2002)083<0354:MDITWE>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00222372","_id":"5feb545721feb6f15d9def7a","last_modified":null,"created":null},{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Mendoza, L","Sánchez, F"],"editors":[],"keywords":[""],"year":"2014-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","profile_id":"","group_id":"","abstract":"resumen Los ecosistemas naturales de la Sabana de Bogotá han sufrido considerables cambios al transformarse la mayor\\'ia de sus bosques y humedales en la selva de cemento donde está situado el mayor asentamiento humano de Colombia. A pesar de esto, la Sabana, aún conserva especies silvestres pero es poco lo que sabemos sobre ellas, lo que limita nuestra capacidad para planear su manejo y conservación. Por ello examinamos la composición de mam\\'iferos terrestres en la Hacienda Las Mercedes, que es parte de la recientemente creada reserva forestal del borde norte de Bogotá Thomas van der Hammen. La Hacienda está dedicada a la ganader\\'ia y agricultura, pero también tiene el último remanente de bosque andino de planicie fluvio-lacustre de la Sabana, as\\'i como diferentes áreas plantadas con especies exóticas. Capturamos mam\\'iferos con trampas Sherman, Dukey Tomahawk en el remanente de bosque andino fluvio-lacustre (área \\~13 ha) y en una plantación de eucalipto (área \\~1,37 ha). Encontramos cuatro especies de mam\\'iferos nativos: el fara Didelphis pernigra, el cur\\'i Cavia aperea, el ratón arrocero Oligoryzmys sp., la comadreja Mustela frenata; además, capturamos una especie exótica, el ratón casero Mus musculus. A pesar de la cercan\\'ia de la Hacienda a la ciudad y de las intensas modificaciones hechas all\\'i, aún se encuentran mam\\'iferos silvestres, y ellos aprovechan bosques nativos y exóticos. Estos mam\\'iferos silvestres son una muestra de animales con tolerancia a las actividades rurales, por tanto, sugerimos que ambientes naturales y de origen antrópico sean considerados para la conservación de los mam\\'iferos de Bogotá. Palabras clave: Andes, bosque andino, ecosistemas rurales, inventario, plantaciones de eucalipto. MaMMals of tHe HaCienda las MerCedes, rural area in tHe nortH of BoGotÁ, ColoMBia abstract Natural ecosystems of Bogotá Savannah have undergone considerable changes due to the transformation of forest and wetlands into the concrete jungle where Colombia's biggest human settlement is located today. Despite this, Bogotá still preserves wildlife but very little is known about them, limiting the ability to plan their management and conservation. Therefore, the composition of mammals in","tags":"","type":"article","source":"Bol. Cient. Mus. Hist. Nat. 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La región dorsal es más oscura que los flancos, debido a que los pelos tienen un banda de borde negro con una correspondiente reducción de las puntas coloreadas, en la nuca las puntas son más pálidas y largas, y la parte negra más reducida, el cual da una apariencia tostada; hacia la cabeza, el negro incrementa nuevamente hasta los pelos más cortos de las orejas, la cara y la mandíbula, que son casi negros. Las orejas son cubiertas de pelo en la parte interna y externa, en la parte interna el pelo se vuelve en general con la punta blanca. Las extremidades son negras, muchos de los pelos son un poco con punta café claro, en el lado interno de las patas y el abdomen, está cubierto con pelo largo amarillento y uno más “fino y ordinario”. No hay cambio en el pelo de la cara que crece hacia los lados de la nariz. Las orejas son muy cortas y parcialmente cóncavas por el pelo. El rinario desde las narinas en la parte inferior es profundo. Cola reducida (de Winton, 1896).\n\nMedidas del ejemplar MHNUC-M00162. Hembra juvenil. \nLongitud total: 320 mm\nLongitud de la pata sin casco: 136 mm\nLongitud de la oreja: 53 mm","ancillaryData":[{"mediaURL":[],"agent":[],"reference":[{"identifiers":[],"authors":["de Winton, William Edward"],"editors":[],"keywords":["autobiographical memory,depression,executive control,overgeneral memory,working"],"year":"1896-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","profile_id":"","group_id":"","abstract":"","tags":"","type":"article","source":"proceedings of the general meetings for scientific business of the Zoological Society of London for the year 1896","title":"On some Mammals from Ecuador.","issue":"","pages":"507--513","series":"","chapter":"","websites":"","accessed":"","publisher":"","address":"","institution":"","link":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/97256{\\#}page/7/mode/1up","_id":"5f62856e6974676445c6a827","last_modified":null,"created":null}],"dataType":"","mimeType":"","created":null,"modified":null,"title":"","license":"Atribución (CC BY 4.0)","rights":"","rightsHolder":"","bibliographicCitation":"","source":"","description":"","thumbnailURL":"","location":"","geoPoint":"","additionalInformation":"","dataObject":"","_id":"5f62856e6974676445c6a826","subject":[],"audience":[]}]},"element":"fullDescription","created":"2020-09-16T21:36:46.000Z"},"threatStatusApprovedInUse":{"_id":"6561269cc6e55fb6c08bda93","created":"2023-11-24T22:41:32.000Z","state":"approved_in_use","element":"threatStatus","id_user":"sib+ac@humboldt.org.co","threatStatus":[{"_id":"6561269cc6e55fb6c08bda98","threatStatusAtomized":{"threatCategory":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[]},"_id":"6561269cc6e55fb6c08bda99","authority":[],"apendiceCITES":["II"]}},{"_id":"6561269cc6e55fb6c08bda9a","threatStatusAtomized":{"threatCategory":{"measurementDeterminedBy":[],"measurementValue":"DD","measurementType":"UICN"},"_id":"6561269cc6e55fb6c08bda9b","authority":["UICN"],"apendiceCITES":[],"appliesTo":{"country":"GLOBAL"}}}],"id_record":"5f6284b26974676445c6a7c5","version":2,"__v":0},"threatStatusValue":"","habitats_version":null,"imageInfo":{"mainImage":"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Ecuador_pudu_%26_Central_American_brocket.png","thumbnailImage":"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Ecuador_pudu_%26_Central_American_brocket.png","source":"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_deer_of_all_lands_(1898)_Ecuador_pudu_&_Central_American_brocket.png","rightsHolder":"Richard Lydekker","license":"Public Domain"}},{"originAtomized":{"exotic":false,"invasive":false},"_id":"61faf028ce3ed4200cd21f92","creation_date":"2022-02-02T20:57:12.000Z","taxonRecordNameApprovedInUse":{"taxonRecordName":{"scientificName":{"canonicalName":{"simple":"Callicebus ornatus"},"canonicalAuthorship":{"simple":" (Gray, 1866)"}}}},"scientificNameSimple":"Callicebus ornatus (Gray, 1866)","commonNames":[{"language":"Inglés","name":"Ornate Titi"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Ornate Tití Monkey"},{"language":"Español","name":"Zocay"},{"language":"Inglés","name":"Ornate Titi"},{"language":"Español","name":"Tití ornamentado"}],"fullDescriptionApprovedInUse":{"_id":"61faf413ce3ed4200cd21ff6","__t":"FullDescriptionVersion","version":1,"id_record":"61faf028ce3ed4200cd21f92","id_user":"sib@humboldt.org.co","fullDescription":{"_id":"61faf413ce3ed4200cd21ff7","fullDescriptionAtomized":[],"fullDescriptionUnstructured":"Denominada bajo la revisión de Hershkovitz8​ como la subespecie Callicebus moloch ornatus y posteriormente como Callicebus cupreus ornatus en 1990.9​ Actualmente se considera una especie válida denominada Callicebus ornatus.3​ El análisis genético determinó que C. ornatus presenta un cariotipo diferente, con 44 cromosomas (2n = 44: 16Bi, 26 A) en contraste con 46 cromosomas de C. discolor (2n= 46: 16Bi, 28A).10​ Otro factor que ha contribuido a la decisión de elevar a C. ornatus a la categoría de especie, es el relativo aislamiento geográfico frente a C. discolor, la especie morfológicamente más cercana, que habita 400 km al sur. A menores distancia habita C caquetensis, pero tampoco hay continuidad entre las áreas que estas especies habitan.","ancillaryData":[{"mediaURL":[],"agent":[],"reference":[{"identifiers":[],"authors":["Ayerbe, Fernando"],"editors":[],"keywords":[""],"year":"2018-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","profile_id":"","group_id":"","abstract":"","tags":"","type":"book","source":"","title":"Guía Ilustrada de Primates","issue":"","series":"","chapter":"","websites":"","accessed":"","publisher":"Wildlife Conservation Society","address":"","institution":"","_id":"61faf413ce3ed4200cd21ff9","last_modified":null,"created":null}],"dataType":"","mimeType":"","created":null,"modified":null,"title":"","license":"Atribución - No Comercial - Compartir igual (CC BY-NC-SA 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